An Overview and History of the Compass

The compass is an instrument used for navigation; it generally has a magnetic needle that points toward the earths magnetic North Pole. The magnetic compass has been in existence for nearly a thousand years and is the most common type of compass. The gyroscopic compass is far less common than a magnetic compass. The Magnetic Compass In order to adjust a magnetic compass to due or true north and toward the geographic North Pole, one must know the amount of magnetic declination or variation that exists in a specific region. There are online maps and calculators available that provide the difference in declination between true north and magnetic north for every point on the globe. By adjusting ones magnetic compass based on the local magnetic declination, it is possible to ensure that ones directions are accurate. The Gyroscopic Compass The History of the Compass Compasses were originally developed when lodestones, a mineral that has naturally magnetized iron ore, were suspended above a board with the ability to pivot and turn. It was discovered that the stones would always point in the same direction, and align themselves with the north/south axis of the earth. The Compass Rose The 32 points were originally drawn to indicate winds and were used by sailors in navigation. The 32 points represented the eight major winds, the eight half-winds, and the 16 quarter-winds. All 32 points, their degrees, and their names can be found online. On early compass roses, the eight major winds can be seen with a letter initial above the line marking its name, as we do with N (north), E (east), S (south), and W (west) today. Later compass roses, around the time of Portuguese exploration and Christopher Columbus, show a fleur-de-lys replacing the initial letter T (for tramontana, the name of the north wind) that marked north, and a cross replacing the initial letter L (for levante) that marked east, showing the direction of the Holy Land. We still commonly see the fleur-de-lys and cross symbols on compass roses today, if not just the simple letter initials for the cardinal directions. Every cartographer designs a compass rose a little differently, using different colors, graphics, and even symbols. Multiple colors are often used simply as a means of easily distinguishing the many points and lines on a compass rose. 360 Degrees Uses of the Compass Most people use a compass casually, for instance with hiking or camping. In those situations, basic compasses like the thumb compass or other orienteering compasses that are clear and can be read over a map are suitable. Many casual uses where travel is over a short distance require basic markings for cardinal directions and a basic level of understanding compasses. For more advanced navigation, where large distances are covered and a slight variation of degrees would offset your course, a deeper understanding of compass reading is required. Understanding declination, the angle between true north and magnetic north, the 360 degree markings on the compass face, and your course-of-direction arrow combined with individual compass instructions requires more advanced study. For simple, easy-to-understand, beginners instructions on how to read a compass, visit compassdude.com.

Fatalism and Determinism - 1104 Words

The way in which life is viewed can change the way in which one reacts to scenarios and interacts with other beings. Although I do not think simply learning philosophy can change the way I live, I know that learning and exploring deeper into specific philosophies can completely alter my outlook on life. Life is a particular type or aspect of people’s existence and all beings are living this life as far as we know. The question I often find myself asking is whether or not we are the ones making our own choices, living life as we so choose, with no free will at all (determinism), or with our fate set out for us (fatalism). I would like to believe I am in charge of making my own choices and everything is either luck of the draw or things come†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that the events that will take place in my life are destined to occur one way or another, it makes me rethink certain aspects of my own life. My entire outlook on life has changed based on this o ne theory. My belief in God which was previously nonexistent has grown immensely because of philosophy thus changing my outlook on life even more. If one is a believer in an omniscient being, God, that person is fatalist. Taylor explains, â€Å"To say that God is omniscient means that He knows everything that is true. He cannot, of course, know that which is false,† (Taylor, 57). If God exists and knows all, then if God were to tell someone how, when, where they were going to die his answer would have to be true. Therefore if God knows all that has happened, whether it is as minor as an ant being born or as major as the end of the world, God knows all that is involved. One cannot believe in God and not believe in fate because He knows all that will come in the future and that is what fate is. However, a determinist will not believe in God, because of this fact. A determinist sees all the causes of what has happened as random, independent events that have causes and effects. I n the story of Osmo, although he knows what future holds he still cannot avoid it. This story does not prove the theory of fate, however, it gives an example of how it is unavoidable. A determinist will believe this story because he knows what fate has setShow MoreRelatedFree Will : Causal Determinism, Fatalism, And Compatibilism Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesOn Free Will: Causal Determinism, Fatalism, and Compatibilism. The philosophical questioning of free will is really a matter of the volition of man. That is, free will is a central dogma that many subscribe to that empowers them to be accountable for their own lives and that provides meaning to something that is largely unknown. Free will proves to be a profound and highly debated topic in the philosophical realm. Whether free will truly exists or not is largely implicating in how one perceives theRead MoreA Comparative Tragedy Study of Fatalism and Determinism: Oedipus Rex and Thunderstorm2489 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿A Comparative Tragedy Study of Fatalism and Determinism: Oedipus Rex and The Thunderstorm 1. INTRODUTION The Thunderstorm and Oedipus Rex, the representatives of Chinese and Greek play, both tell tragic stories about incest and unexpected destiny. The two masterpieces reveal much about the literature patterns and philosophical implications of the different cultures. The exploration of the two plays could help further understand the oneness of world literature and the tragedy of unlike cultureRead MoreThe Laws Of Physics Make You Choose This Question1385 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain whether a person chooses this question using either free will or determinism or possibly even both. It will try to demonstrate this by referring to key arguments from various philosophers and identifying both the weaknesses and strengths of the arguments used. It is no doubt that those who agree with the statement, â€Å"the laws of physics make you choose this question†, are supporters of determinism. The theory of determinism, is a philosophical concept which aims to prove that every event includingRead MoreSophocles Oedipus The King1387 Words   |  6 Pagesall of his efforts were in vain and that he had no control over his own destiny; The free will he thought he had was merely an illusion (Sophocles 59). Since the day he was born, his fate had already been determined. The theme of â€Å"free will vs determinism† can be seen throughout the play, and it raises some very important questions. Questions that are very difficult to answer and have troubled even the most famous of philosophers for many millennia. Is there such a thing as free will? Is free willRead MoreThe Controversy Over Free Will And Determinism1354 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy between free will and determinism has been argued about for years. If we look into a dictionary, free will is define as the power given to human beings to be able to make free choices that is unconstrained by external circumstances or a force such as fate or divine intervention. Determinism is defined as a philosophical doctrine that every event, act, and decision is the inescapable consequence of antecedents that are independent of the human will. Determinism states that humans have no freeRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism879 Words   |  4 PagesFree Will vs. Determinism What determines and influences human behavior? Humans have been looking the answer for this question during several eras, thus they developed various theories attempting to explain human behavior. Determinism is the belief that one event is the consequence of a previous action, similar to a chain. According to some philosophers who support determinism, the will of an agent follows physical laws, and every action is explicable and predictable by physical conditions. By thisRead More Free Will Determinism Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesmust define the terms free will, determinism and fate or destiny. Free will is the ability to choose. Furthermore, it is the power of making free choices that are unconstrained by external circumstances or by an agency such as fate. Fate, or destiny, can be defined as the inevitable events predestined by this force. However, there is a better position to take when it comes to arguing against free will; and that position, or belief, is called determinis m. Determinism states that the conditions at oneRead MoreNot Freedom And Determinism Can Coexist1425 Words   |  6 PagesCompatibilists and incompatibilists have always disagreed on one issue: whether or not freedom and determinism can coexist. The compatibilist believes that the events in one’s life can be predetermined while the individual can nevertheless have free will, while the incompatibilist believes that one must choose between free will or determinism as both cannot coexist. In this paper, I will argue that even though there may be some faults within the compatibilists ways of thinking, most of their argumentsRead MoreFree Will Compatible With Determinism Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Donis Professor Ryan Hay Phil. 190 11 December, 2015 Free Will Compatible With Determinism Free will – a concept that always brings forth the question, â€Å"Does free will exist?† There are various arguments that come from both sides of the discussion, those in favor of free will based on religious text, and those that can argue that free will is a concept and ideal created to give humans the illusion that they have the ability to choose what they can do in life.The questionRead MoreThe Matrix Of Free Will And Determinism Essay2191 Words   |  9 Pagespertaining to determinism. Determinism is the theory that every event that occurs is caused to occur such that what obtains in the future could not have been different given what has obtained in the past. This issue persists throughout the entire trilogy and shapes the development of the characters and the story. The films borrow ideas from various forms of media, including philosophers like Baron Paul Henry d’Holbach, to create a film series that questions the idea of free will and determinism. The fi lms

Related To Malnutrition And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

A literature reappraisal is a digest of resources that provide the land work for farther survey. It is often found as a subdivision of a published research survey. Literature reappraisal refers to the activities involves in seeking for information on a subject and developing a comprehensive image of the province of the cognition on the subject. We will write a custom essay sample on Related To Malnutrition And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reappraisal of literature is a written sum-up of the survey conducted antecedently related to the present survey subject. ( Polit and Hungler, 1999 ) The research worker did an broad reappraisal of literature on the research subject in order to derive deeper penetration into the job and to roll up maximal relevant information for constructing the foundations of the survey. In the present survey the reappraisal of literature is organized under the undermentioned headers ; Section-I: Surveies related to malnutrition and fleshiness at school degree. Section-II: Surveies related to consequence of planned nursing intercession. Section-III: Surveies related to knowledge and pattern on Healthy Food Habits among kids. Section-IV: Surveies related to Pender ‘s Health Promotion Model Theory Section-V: Surveies related to Conceptual model based on Pender ‘s wellness publicity theoretical account ( 2002 ) SECTION-I: STUDIES RELATED TO MALNUTRITION AND OBESITY Malnutrition in early childhood causes irreparable harm to the development of kid and consequences in wastage of human resources. Hence decrease in the high rate of kid mortality and morbidity due to malnutrition becomes an of import undertaking of policy shapers and societal development contrivers study conducted in rural countries of India revealed that abut 90 % of the kids suffer from different classs of malnutrion and about 15 % of them are in utmost grades of malnutrition. Shetty, P.S. , ( 2000 ) concluded that in an person a series of physiology A ; behavior response can happen. as a consequence of low energy consumption that is below the acceptable degree of demands. If they individual seek to follow the lower energy consumption so it is good for the endurance of single. Hensrud, DD. , ( 2000 ) reviewed a journal nutrition showing and appraisal which revealed the both under nutrition and over nutrition which leads to increased morbidity and mortality rate. Rio-Grande Dosul. , ( 2004 ) conducted that because of the excess helping of sugar sweetened bevarage, there is an increased opportunity of acquiring fleshiness in most of the in-between school kids. that is approximately 60 % due to the alterations in the feeding wonts, the individuals who are populating in the developed states are more prone to acquire fleshiness. Depending on the composing A ; the quality of the diet the nutrient consumption has to be related with the fleshiness. Rodriguez, NR. , ( 2005 ) concluded that the kids assorted nutritionary demands in relation to the growing. For the normal growing of the immature kids they should take equal sum of energy A ; indispensable aminoacids.A broad scope of protein consumption of about.6 to2.9gm/kg should be given for the immature kids. Charles. , ( 2005 ) concluded that since 1960 ‘s the prevalence rate of fleshiness has increased more among the kids in U.S.One of the of import factor that is lending to the paediatric fleshiness is ingestion of sugar sweetened drinks. Veteri, F.E. , ( 2010 ) concluded a series of inquiry associated with the equal energy A ; protein intake. that is necessary for the growing A ; proper operation of the children.Inorder to fulfill the protein demands big sum of protein must be ingested along with energy consumption. The present survey shows that there is an associated between the eating wonts and fleshiness. SECTION-II: STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECT OF PLANNED NURSING INTERVENTION Piffer.S, Kaisermann.D. , ( 2003 ) presented paper reports the consequences of a study on dietetic wonts of 1,398 kids go toing first category of primary school in Trento state ( Northern Italy ) the undermentioned points were investigated. Frequency of interruption fast and nutrient intake.frequency of nutrients at school the construct of tracer nutrients as veggies, fruits, and Sweet was besides investigated. The consequences were analysed harmonizing gender, country of abode, learning method and educational degree of parents. The information about nutritionary manner are satisfactory even if they are strongly associated to education degree of parents, above all of the female parent. The adequateness of nutritionary manner is increasing with the increasing of educational degree. School repast, offering selected nutrients to all kids go toing fulltime learning subdivision, can re-equilibrate nutritionary manner, diminishing the differences associated to education degree of the paren ts. Delisle, H. , ( 2010 ) conducted a survey sing the importance of placing the healthy and culturally relevant dietetic forms. which helps in advancing wellness A ; forestalling diet related chronic disease. The surveies shows that a limited no of nutrients determines the quality of diet A ; result of wellness. The traditional diets are more fitter A ; utile when comparison to untraditional dietetic forms. Apart from this healthy feeding wonts are more executable if the attack to the nutrient consumption is equal. Present informations can be used for implementing and bettering wellness publicity action on right dietetic wonts in kid goon, maintaining count of the function of instruction degree of the parents. During the development of kids they need equal proportion of healthy nutrients as like the grownup eat. SECTION-III: STUDIES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE ON HEALTHY FOOD HABITS AMONG CHILDREN: This article shows the dietetic pattern that is following by the kids.Who are go toing the farm school. The findings shows that proper dietetic patterns determines the nutritionary position it besides influence the societal economical A ; psychological development of the kids. Gil, A. , ( 2009 ) They identified that the consumption of traditional nutrient has no relation the normal dietetic pattern.They were considered as giving small protection from diseases.The survey findings showed that the organic structure mass index exercisings and the assorted diseases status has no important association with the dietetic form. SECTION-IV: STUDIES RELATED TO PENDER ‘S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL Austin David, R. , ( 2000 ) it describes that assorted elements are involved in the Pender ‘s wellness publicity model.It shows the advantages every bit good as the disadvantage of the theoretical account. For the support of the theoretical account assorted literature surveies has taken. Calderon, ( 2002 ) The determination showed the belief and patterns of breastcancer among aged adult females A ; their perceptual experience towards this.It consist of both educational A ; environmental support which areconductive to wellness behavior.For the wellness publicity in the older population co-ordination of assorted services adapted. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON PENDER ‘S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL ( 2002 ) Conceptual model is interrelated constructs on abstractions that are assembled together in some rationale strategy by virtuousness relevancy to a common subject ( Polit and Beck, 2004 ) . It is a device which to excite research and the extension of cognition by supplying both way and drift. A model may function as a spring board for scientific findings meaningful and generalizable. The present survey is aimed at developing and measuring the effectivity of planned nursing intercession in footings of cognition and pattern on wellness nutrient wonts among primary school kids in selected school at Salem. The conceptual model of this survey is based on Pender, Murdaugh, C and Parson. , ( 2002 ) Health Promotion Model. Pender, ( 2002 ) defines wellness as the realization of built-in and acquired human potency through end directed behavior, competent ego attention and fulfilling relationships with others, while accommodations are made as needed to keep structural unity and harmoniousness with relevant environment. Health Promotion Model is based chiefly on three theories of human behavior the theory of sound action, the theory of planned behaviour and societal cognitive theory. Theory of reasoned action explains that the major determiner of behaviour is the individual ‘s purpose for that behaviour, when she believes that she has control over the state of affairs. Prior Related Behavior: It highlights the experience with the advancing behaviour. In this survey prior related behaviour of cognition and pattern of primary school kids on 1st twenty-four hours. It includes equal -inadequate cognition and pattern towards wellness nutrient wonts, conveying / non conveying healthy nutrients will be assessed by pre-test on 1st twenty-four hours. Personal Factors: Factors about the individual, that influences wellness advancing behavior. This includes biological and socio-cultural factors in this survey. Biological Factors: Includes age of the sample, gender, type of the household. Socio-cultural factors: Education of the female parent, business of the female parent, faith. Health Promoting Behavior: Behaviours ( or ) actions that people carry out with the purposes of better their wellness. In this survey is specified, wellness advancing cognition and pattern of healthy nutrients to kids pamphlet distributed to the kids giving information sing healthy nutrient wonts to the female parents of kids. Regular practicing of wellness nutrient wonts. Perceived Control of Health: Childs can understand about the in effects of taking debris nutrients. Perceived Health Status: The research worker perceived that there is little betterment in the nutrient wonts of kids of conveying wellness bites. Perceived Benefits of Action: Belief about the positive or reenforcing effects of a wellness advancing behavior. Here it includes kids will comprehend benefits of good balanced diet, sample develops the wellness nutrient wonts and betterment in cognition sing wellness nutrient wonts, stay wellness and energetic. Sensed Barriers of Health Promoting Behavior: Belief about kids reduced attending span, more attracted to advertizements, working female parents. Interpersonal Influences: Belief about learning programme on wellness nutrient wonts and advancing pattern of conveying wellness nutrients on 3, 6, 10th twenty-four hours of pattern appraisal by this research worker. Situational Influences: Peer group. Immediate Competing Preferences: Distracting thought about other attractive activities to make instantly before prosecuting in a wellness promotes behaviour. In this survey, it includes kid ‘s wellness, taking healthy nutrients. Committedness to a Plan of Action: Committedness to transport out a wellness promotes bahaviour. The program should be specific to clip and topographic point, and stipulate whether it will be with identified individual or entirely. Practice healthy nutrient wonts at school scene after learning, this survey describe about the preparation of a realistic program to pattern healthy nutrient wonts by conveying healthy nutrient wonts by conveying healthy bites, and healthy tiffin daily ( forenoon and afternoon ) to the school with the supervising of research worker in alternate yearss. How to cite Related To Malnutrition And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Management Research Project Sustainable Business Tourism - Sample

Question: Discuss about the Management Research ProjectSustainable Business Tourism. Answer: Introduction Sustainable business tourism is one of the main areas that in the social, economic and environmental respectfully. In the present economic times, tourism is one of the most and largest industries for any country in the world, this is often viewed as one of the biggest economic tools of any country. It provides foreign exchange earnings for different countries. in this way, business tourism also brings a lot of economic benefits with regard to employment creation and income generation to a particular region on various rounds of the multiplier effect and re-spending. One such areas is the agricultural industry of Australia especially among the backpackers(aph, 2017). The backpackers are the most important contributors to the Australian agriculture workforce by use of the travelling to Australia on working holiday maker visa. In this manner, the employees are the most important group in the timely harvesting of the countrys consumable products especially in the rural areas. With the issuing of the working holiday maker visa the country has seen a rise of more than 175,000 visas being issue by 2015(Hillman, 2009). In the most important issue about this is that agriculture is emphasized in the country due to the shortage of agricultural workforce in the country while there is an increasing demand for labor markets in an inadequate increase with regard to the number people visiting the country. In past, backpackers in Australia were often viewed as social deviants, however with their impact on the agricultural sector they have been regarded as business travelers, this is why they attract this study especially with regard to their motivations for travelling, their experience in Australia, taxation laws for business tourist and behavior of the locals towards them. According to an investigation conducted in Australian agriculture industry, backpackers have reported increasing tension between then and the locals. Vajta, et al., (2015) reflected on some violent incidents where backpackers have been chased away, their properties destroyed or even sent back to their home country. This is not in Australia along, in a Canada for example, a backpacker was killed in the accident by a local security offer. The researcher thus claimed that backpacker work with a lot of tension between them and the security officials in the community which makes it difficult for them to continue working in peace(Hoogenraad, et al., 2004). With the recent tax reforms in Australia, this is bound to be more difficult for the backpacker travelling to the country to work in the agriculture industry, in this manner tax reforms will not be expect to raise revenue. There is currently a lot of concern regarding tax increase in Australia as a way of meeting the demands of the countrys public service. However this comes with another challenge as it is going to have a negative impact in the countrys agricultural industry(Allon, et al., 2008). this is because the primary source of labor in the agricultural farms will be reduced causing a recurrent decrease in the amount of tax that is being paid by the industry. This paper will thus identify the current proposed changes to the backpacker tax. It the same line the paper is also going to provide a critical review and primary research on the potential impact that the backpacker tax will on the agricultural industry of Australia. At the end the paper will recommend on the governments department and other industry stakeholders(Hoogenraad, et al., 2004). Methodology This paper made use of both the primary and secondary data. The secondary data was derived from collecting information from internet search where electronic journals and media reports were the source of the main information. Secondary data was also seeked from the government websites with a major focus on immigration and immigration laws of Australia. The paper also looked at various press releases regarding backpackers and taxation. There were other papers and doctoral papers that addressed the importance of backpacker workforce in the Australian agricultural sector which was also searched. This also looked at the economic impact of the backpackers with regard to the tourism industry apart from agriculture. Other scholarly articles as provided by google were also very useful in the secondary data search. The Australian taxation office website which identified to the research policies regarding the current tax situation of backpackers. Also primary research was used in the research w as conducted by use of online interviews with backpackers living and working in Australia. The interviews were based on the issue of business tourism and taxation laws and how this will eventually affect doing business in Australia. Backpackers provide strong labor force for season, remote farm labor Amid the backpacker groups that always transverse Australia every year seeking the sun or to surf in the Australian beaches, many of this tourist do this under the name of working holiday makers. The increasing number of backpackers to Australia shows that the resilience and strength of the market. In addition, despite the short term fluctuation of the picture that is emerging from the said trends this basically looks at the diversification and expansion of the backpacker industry in relation to the independent travel sector. accord to information from the tourism research Australias niche market report the market of backpacker exhibits one of the most considerable resilience with regard to adversity(Hampton, 2008). In this manner, adversity is very appropriate in terms of characterization of the current condition that is facing the Australian business tourism as the decline began being observed in 2008 for the first time after seven years. It is also important to note that backpackers should be recognize as being flexible and resilient type of travelers. They also usually looked at as being indifferent to risk which is a characteristic that has continued to increase to their value since the global economic fall low international travel during the SARS outbreak of 2003 in Asia. Other challenge include the terrorist acts in the united states, London, Egypt, Bali and London. All the qualities that include youthful enthusiasm, resilience and flexibility have also cited some of the employers being some of the key attributes of the working environment of backpackers(Hoogenraad, et al., 2004). One of the main relevance of backpackers is that they have been able to provide a flexible work force in Australia with regard to labor shortages and skills to do the work, this is also appreciated by many employers in the country. Resilience, flexibility and a strong ethic with regard to the way they work has also repeatedly been mentioned by employers in most of the research work done. According to the studies, backpacker are loved by the employing institutions as they provide one of the best workforce that Australians are not inclined to(Hampton, 2005). For example they can be found working in a place like Anzac day picking up a glass in a pub, where if your try to find a local guy who will do that will be very impossible. This gives the hospitality industry of Australia a great pull of labor which is not usually available. At time these backpacker are not even interested in holidays like Christmas and they will work through that since back in their country it may not be such a bi g deal, meaning they will keep on thinking work through(Hillman, 2009). This mean that backpacker are a flexible pool of labor which does not mind to work on public holidays and are attracted to even the fairly menial jobs with regard to even cleaning bathroom floor and picking up glass and other dirty jobs. At time backpackers have been referred to as the working holiday makers who have the essential skills, labor and services that are important for the service industry, health, agriculture and more(Hoogenraad, et al., 2004). These are independent labor pool that are increasingly derived from business tourists. According to australian tourism office, ( aph,2017), the Australian working holiday makers program was first established in 1975. By use of the WHIP visas, young people were allowed to work and travel in the country for a total period of 12 months. In the present state, Australia as reciprocal agreements in corporation with 21 countries. in this manner, the main objective of the scheme is meant to encourage travelling of young international professional by allowing people between ages 18-30 to incorporate their holiday making with work in Australia. The common wealth program for example has estimated that the scheme has successfully contributed to over $1.3 billion in the Australian economy(aph, 2017). As noted above, backpackers work in a range of industries one of them being agriculture, which has increasingly become reliant on the backpackers. This issue was observed since 2005,where backpackers have been working as seasonal workers in the country. The minimum period is 3 months which has been able to apply onshore for an extra 12 month visa. They also apply for the onshore with it comes to a skilled independent regional visa to stay in the country. Research conducted in Sydney Australia indicated that backpackers provide a very valuable workforce in the country especially in remote areas where there are shortages(Hampton, 2008). The backpackers program is also meant to provide a very important labor force that will suit the demand and expectations of farmers. Backpacker are reputable for being captive, immobile as they are not able to change employer as they are bound by the backpacker visa and contract. Backpackers are also very organized and reliable workforce which makes sur e that growers will be guaranteed of their crops being harvested on time. Vajta, et al., (2015) also argues that backpackers are 60-70% more active than the local employees even those who return for multiple agricultural seasons. There has however been some case where backpackers have been summoned on illegal labor activities which has also seen the reduction of worker in the Australian agriculture labor force. This is also inclusive of worker abuse as will be discussed later in this paper. The WHIM in Australia has also in competition with the illegal foreign labor supply. According to a recent world bank discussion paper of 2015, it revealed that in 2013-14 there were a total of 17,185 non-citizens located jobs in Australia(Hanson Bell, 2007). In addition, Hillman, (2009) also acknowledged that there was no reliable estimation on the number of undocumented workers in the agricultural sector. in this manner thus, the number is likely to be very high. It also indicate that by encouraging employers in Australia to shift their labor hire practices like the illegality found in hiring labor contractors will call for a strict force approach. This is because the backpacker are very important in filling the labor gaps experienced in the agricultural labor force of Australia as they able to boost the countrys productivity(Hampton, 2008). In Australia, before establishing regulations on the labor sector were strict, it made it easy for more work opportunities for those who are legitimately allowed to work in various sectors. Proposed changes to the backpacker taxation scheme On December 2016, during the last parliamentary sitting day of the year, the Australian parliament surprisingly passed the bill that established a 15% income tax rate to the temporary foreign workers that are popularly known as Working Holiday Makers or the backpackers, the bills was commonly known as the backpacker tax. In this manner, the tax rate is meant to be applied to people who engage in short term employment in the country under specific visas was a very controversial issue in the whole of 2016(loc, 2017). In this manner most farmers were also concerned on the possible negative impact that the higher tax rate will impact on the number of seasonal workers in the country especially in the unforetold harvests. According to the budget that was released in May 2015, there was a proposal by the Australian parliament on the change to the tax status of the temporary working holiday makers in comparison to that of the resident and nonresident which was meant to apply from July 2016. With reference to the residential tax approach thus, the earning of foreign workers on the destined visas would be exempt from the income tax to up to AUD 18,000(loc, 2017). Also those workers who earn between AUD18,201 and AUD 37,000 are also going to be taxed at a rate of 19% in addition to the higher marginal rates that also apply to the subsequent higher amounts charged. In addition, the appeals by the tribunal rulings that was tabled in the month of march 2015 also showed that some of the WHMs may not be able to qualify as resident in the country meaning that the backpackers will not automatically claim what is referred to as a tax free threshold. This is because they are not residents of the country.(loc, 2017) Also according to the discussion, a non-resident tax approach is going to see the WHM also being taxed at a rate of 32.5% as long as they are earning up to AUD $80,000. There are however a number of concerns on the new tax reform which dictates that the new policy would substantially increase the incentives in regard to tax evasion, also the number of working holiday makers in the country will eventually fall down as soon as the visa holders continue to perceive a less economic benefit in undertaking work that is most reluctant to Australians like fruit picking, casual hospitality and cleaning(loc, 2017). In this manner thus, the new income tax policy is going to highly affect the Australian agriculture sector which will find it hard to fill job vacancies that does not look at the casual visiting workforce in the country. In addition, the tourism industry is also concerned since most of the backpackers are also tourists, they may thus decide to go to other regional areas moving the revenues since most of them are high spenders. They will also be less likely to visit the country and will go to a country like new Zealand, south Africa or Canada. At the same time the industry is very much dependent on the working holiday makers workforce(Vajta, et al., 2015). As a result of all of the above discussions, there is a lot of controversy on the decision by the government to reform the tax arrangement for the working holiday makers. This has come from all corners that include the ministry for agriculture and water resources, and the working holiday makers visa program which finds it to be a sensible approach to the agricultural industry in the country. In this manner the government of Australia stated in May that the commencement of the date for the policy in the previous budget was going to apply from early January this year(Hampton, 2005). The review in itself, commenced after the general elections with a package that measured the impact of tax increase in the agriculture and tourism sector including the whole Australian labor force and revenue collection. Impact which the backpacker taxation is predicted to have upon the agricultural industry Just at the eleventh hours and after the protracted debate that began in 2015, the wrangles on the backpacker taxes became a major issue on Australia. Despite the proposal by the federal government of a 32.5% tax rate for backpackers, there was a compromise of 19% following a post-election which also came with the refusal to negotiate below this. In this manner the federal government had reached a deal as the primary labor force. This was the first development to backpackers problems with the Australian tax office. However with the recent growing debate on the issue, it is more worrying that the tax is going to cause a labor shortfall and the strife and growth of the countrys $10 billion industry especially in the horticulture sector. on the other side it is argued by some remote area MPs that the proposed tax may not really generate the full $540 million forecast by the treasury on the coming three years(Underhill Rimmer, 2016). What is real is that the changes are going to see for eigners that are on a working holiday visa being taxed 32.5 cents from the first dollar they earned and a scrapping of the $18,200 tax free threshold that was there(Hillman, 2009). What the country has forgotten is that since the introduction of an incentive for backpackers to be allowed to work in particular areas in Australia for 88 days so as to secure a second year visa extension in 2005, between 30,000 and 40,000 of backpackers were able to apply for the additional year on their visa by use of a stint in agriculture to meet this criteria. In this manner, it meant that backpackers as it stands are already the dominant source of labor supply at the harvest time for growers. In addition, this also possess other serious risks for the growers, most of them have no choice but to continue relying on the backpacker labor with regard to their business model(Hillman, 2009). It is important to note that most of these group do not come to the country on a work visa, as their visas are usually meant for cultural exchange. However, the country has been increasingly becoming reliant on the backpacker in the performance of low skilled jobs in the countrys economy and espe cially in the harvest related jobs. However as the backpacker tax saga is now emerging, these group of the countrys labor force in not very stable. According to Hanson Bell, (2007) most backpackers are made of young people who will often change their planned trip to the country on the basis of a number of variables. The changes in the arranges of taxes, the unstable Australian dollar and the reputation of the country is a desirable destination for most tourists who are all factors outside the control of growers. In addition, they will also impact on the decision of the travelling of backpackers to the country and work in the agricultural industry. One of the other main issue with the use of backpackers us the countrys labor supply for the horticulture sector another agricultural sectors, this will bring about the vulnerability of the group in the labor markets. According to one landmark report by the fair work ombudsman in the country, on the visas of backpackers it was found that 88 days of extension was provided for the creation of license for the unscrupulous growers in who push backpacker in to exploitative working conditions. The ombudsman inquiry also found that there were various situations of underpayment of wages and poor working conditions which were not compliant with regard to the award that is provided for workers in the agricultural industry(Hillman, 2009). in the situations of the exploitation continue to prove to be endemic, arising from the use or backpacker labor in the agricultural industry, then it might be likely that there is bound to be an increase in the calls for the second year extension of backpacker s to be abolished in the market. In addition, as the county continues to exploit backpackers through taxes this will not be an issue by itself with regard to the works. It will be an issues that is going to undermine the viability of the entire agriculture sector. as (loc, 2017) reveals, the main problem that farmers will be facing will be that the agricultural sector has never been a level playing field for Australian farmers, as the non-compliant ones have also been able to use worker exploitation to selling their products at a lower cost. What is thus needed is the comprehensive solution to address the needs of growers in regard to changing tax rules for backpackers. And even though the governments compromise will seek to neutralize this as among the politics of the country, it does not fully address the underlying issue that uses an unstable labor source for the industry which is of very much importance to the food security and economy of the country. In addition, even if the need for labor in the country is push for mechanism to retain backpackers in the county, they will need to maximize on the government discomfort as it may not also have a coherent and sustainable program on how farmers are able to meet their needs for labor during the time for harvest(Hillman, 2009). The labor taxation policy in Australia needs to be coherent with regard to how farmers can be able to meet their labor needs during the time of harvest. In this manner the labor taxation policy should be one that will keep the backpackers entering the Australian labor force. This is because it is evident that the new taxes will eventually lead to more inadequacy of backpackers as being among the primary labor solutions for farmers. The country thus needs a more sustainable and targeted way that they will be able to meet the need of farmers in the country in terms of labor, this also need to be through a dedicated pathway for the agricultural worker and not a back door war of sourcing labor like the Working Holiday Maker Visa which is often riddled with problems(Hanson Bell, 2007). There thus needs to be a dedicated pathway that employees will allow farmers to plan for the harvest time and will also allow the regulators like the fair work ombudsman to more accurately monitor taxes in regard to wages that are offered to backpacker workers.. Impact of Backpacker tax on the tourism industry The backpacker tourist are known to spend more money as they travel a lot in the country and stay for longer periods in their expeditions than other forms of travelers despite being basically tourist that work on budgets that are tight. Backpackers thus prefer spending a little on accommodation cost and spend most of their money on other important activities. They will usually settle for the value for money. They want to have services that are good and are worth paying for. In this manner, the same is experienced in Australia where each year back packers will go ahead with expanding their exploration of the country and as a result the amount of diversity that this group literature and research has grown over time(Allon, et al., 2008). For Australia, just like many other countries, back packing tourism has been linked with other travel form from as far back as the 17th and 18th centuries. The backpacker tourism in modern days is mostly associated with the youth ranging from ages 18yeasr to 35 year. The main motivation for the back packer tourism is to meet with other travelers. At this the tourist that is involved will at most of the time take the opportunity as a chance to learn new tips for travelling and concept. They are usually attracted to the adventure of touring and other forms of activities which need that to actively participate. However with the increased restrictions of the backpacker tourism with regard to the changes in the taxes, the country is bound to lose a lot in the following was(Allon, et al., 2008). First of all, as much as they are travelers in the country, backpacker are known to be a source of knowledge and expertise with regard to destinations that they travel. In this manner when they stop to particular destinations in the country, they will share they experience and knowledge on how the country runs their activities and ways of doing this. In the same way, the countrys destinations are marketed by backpackers. This is because most of them will expose this knowledge to the people in their destination and social media circles and help them learn new concepts and ideas on how things are supposed to be done(aph, 2017). In addition, these travelers are vital in cultural exchange for the country, they will travel with facilities and equipment that may have not reached the places that they desire to visit. During their visits also, they will be able to teach their locals on the manner and uses in which such facilities and equipments are operated. However all this may not be reali zed as their travel is going to be limited with an increase in taxes. Backpacker tourists are also good ambassadors when it comes to creating global awareness. The country is also going to lose a lot in this. Backpackers usually spread awareness on the state of the country they visit. They will come from all corners of the earth and may not have the firsthand experience on the issue that is affecting other parts of the world. however as they travel they share experiences and are able to inspire people in the society. Other factors such a poor health conditions, poverty, lack of education, inadequate clean drinking water and environmental degradation of the country can be solved through backpacking tourism(Vajta, et al., 2015). However this is deemed to reduce as the tourist may not be able to sustain the travelling of more destinations where problems like the one listed above are spotted, they country will also not be able to come out of conditions in the remote areas that by have been blinded by the city life. If the information that they group provid e is taken in to account, and mechanisms for this type of implementation is also considered, then such problems will also be alienated partly if not fully. They will also be able to provide activism which channels towards change. The amount of awareness that the backpackers can provide will also have a long lasting impact if it is taken in a much more serious manner. The countrys financial generation from tourism is also going to reduce drastically. Backpackers are a great source of financial generation for the countrys tourism industry especially when it comes to supporting local businesses. this is because most backpackers prefer cheap hotels, eating food from ordinary joints as opposed to the other ordinary tourists who spend most of their time in big five star hotels. in this manner, the benefits that local businesses have been getting from backpackers will also drastically reduce for the people in the grassroots and other remote areas in Australia(Hampton, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, backpacker are a very important part of the countrys economy in various ways. First of all, when looking at the agriculture sector in the country, the group has been able to generate a lot of revenue to the countrys economy. As at the moment, backpacker are among the highest tax payers in the country which is most advantageous to the countrys budget. in addition, due to the fact that most of these groups provide cheap labor for the local farmers, most of them have been able to sustain the harsh economic time and made good profits from them. The tourism sector will also agree no further since the back packer makes one of the highest number for people visiting the tourism and other destinations in the country. In this manner, it is important for the government to consider all the advantages and disadvantages of raising taxes for these group. As per the above discussion, the government and the country at large is bound to lose a lot should it decided to impose more taxes on the backpackers. In fact most of them will chose on other destination, affecting both the tourism and agriculture sector of the country. This is because backpackers have now become part of the countrys economy and they should be treated with the kind of respect and legal support they deserve. References Allon, F., Anderson, K. Bushell, P., 2008. Mutant Mobilities: Backpacker Tourism in 'Global' Sydney. Mobilities, 3(1), pp. 73-94. aph, 2017. Changed rules for working holiday makers. [Online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201516/Holiday [Accessed 26 may 2017]. Hampton, M., 2005. Heritage, local communities and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), pp. 735-759. Hampton, M., 2008. Backpacker tourism and economic development,. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), pp. 639-660. Hanson, J. Bell, M., 2007. Harvest trails in Australia: Patterns of seasonal migration in the fruit and vegetable industry. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(1), pp. 101-117. Hillman, W., 2009. Veblen and the Theory of the Backpacker Leisure Class: Status Seeking and Emulation in the Australian Contemporary Tourist Economy. Tourism Review International, 13(3), pp. 157-171. Hoogenraad, W., Eden, R. v. King, D., 2004. Cyclone Awareness amongst Backpackers in Northern Australia. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 19(2), pp. 25-29. loc, 2017. Australia: Parliament Passes 15% Backpacker Tax Rate. [Online] Available at: https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/australia-parliament-passes-15-backpacker-tax-rate/ [Accessed 26 May 2017]. Underhill, E. Rimmer, M., 2016. Layered vulnerability: Temporary migrants in Australian horticulture. Journal of Industrial Relations, 58(5), pp. 608-626. Vajta, B., Holberg, M., Mills, J. McBride, W., 2015. Weighing up the costs of seeking health care for dengue symptoms: a grounded theory study of backpackers' decision-making processes. Australian journal of primary health, 21(2), p. 245.

Narmers Palette Essays - Narmer, Upper And Lower Egypt,

Narmer's Palette As Egypt grew and flourished to a powerful and rich nation, it left behind for today's historians, clues and artifacts of a once distinctive, well established and structured society. Proof of this is clearly depicted in king Narmer's Palette. This Palette shows historians the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, which signified the beginnings of a civilized era centred around the Nile. The unification of Egypt occurred around 3100 B.C., under the First Dynasty of Menes(3100-2850 B.C.). This age is commonly know as the Protodynastic era, which is known for the establishment of a firm political structure of the land which was unified in the hands of the king. The glorification of Lower and Upper Egypt uniting was portrayed in Narmer's Palette, which was found in the ancient southern capital of Hierakonpolis. The general function of Narmer's Palette was to commemorate a victory over his human foes. With Narmer's victory, the Palette also depicts his successful claim and conquest of all of Egypt, thus establishing unification of Lower and Upper Egypt under his rule. The dominant them however, is the victory of the god incarnate over the forces of evil and chaos. The Narmer Palette, while depicting several social aspects and tendencies of the Egyptian society, also reveals and emphasizes their structured positions within a hierarchy of command. Both sides of the Palette reveal, at the top, the name of king Narmer, which first documents, in the written history of Egypt, that we now are dealing with a civilized state. When the scribes wanted to write king Narmer's name, they placed a small fish called a 'nar' over a chisel, pronounced 'mer'. This combination of the words gave them 'Narmer'. The Palette also depicts king Narmer(probably the legendary Menes) wearing the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Aphroditopolis, which represented Upper Egypt. Since Narmer had claimed victory over the northern king, thus becoming the first Pharaoh, the unification of Egypt was completed. The reverse of the Palette portrays Narmer clubbing a foeman. Narmer is then followed by his foot-washer, which should be noted is shown on a smaller scale and standing on a separate register line, as suited to his relative rank and position in Egypt's hierarchy. Narmer stands before the supreme sky-god Horus, of whom Narmer is also an incarnation, represented as a falcon with a human arm holding a papyrus thicket. On the obverse of this palette, Narmer inspects a battlefield near Buto, with several decapitated bodies of his foemen. Narmer is then preceded by his four standard-bearers and his priest. The middle register of this highly organized recording shows two long- necked lionesses and their attendants, symbolizing the newly established unification of Egypt. In the lower register Narmer is in disguise of a bull, which is destroying a fortified fort and killing any opponents in his path. The Narmer Palette reveals several important social aspects about how the Egyptians lived and were structured. The Palette also shows their value in recording historical events - with such items of war and political power struggles being 'newsworthy' events. It would be a mistake however, to read the Narmer Palette as a mere tale of conquest. Through military conquests however, Narmer was able to lay the political foundations of the kingship which endured thereafter as long as a Pharaoh wore the two crowns of Egypt. The actual finding of a Palette proves that Egyptians had established a written form of communication, which is today called hieroglyphic script. The Palette however, was depicted by Egyptian scribes using a complex combination of ideograms and phonetic signs. While king Narmer's name appears as hieroglyphic labels at the top of the Palette, it emphasizes that Egypt at this time was structured and had firmly established a civilized state. The entire Nile, now under the control of one king, was able to be utilized as the most important form of transportation. It was used for military campaigns, economic trading, and as a form of communication via boats. The Nile also provided a rich soil base which encouraged farmers to build huts and plant their crops along the river bank. Egyptian agriculture and the farmers' practices in irrigation revealed that the Egyptians had the man power and capabilities to divert water to particular fields for their crops. Although each community along the Nile was divided into districts, each governed by a man appointed by Narmer, each practised the same methods of collecting and diverting water. Also each man appointed to a particular district saw to it that taxes were collected and that the fields were drained and properly irrigated. The most significant piece of evidence that suggests that Narmers Palette Essays - Narmer, Upper And Lower Egypt, Narmer's Palette As Egypt grew and flourished to a powerful and rich nation, it left behind for today's historians, clues and artifacts of a once distinctive, well established and structured society. Proof of this is clearly depicted in king Narmer's Palette. This Palette shows historians the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, which signified the beginnings of a civilized era centred around the Nile. The unification of Egypt occurred around 3100 B.C., under the First Dynasty of Menes(3100-2850 B.C.). This age is commonly know as the Protodynastic era, which is known for the establishment of a firm political structure of the land which was unified in the hands of the king. The glorification of Lower and Upper Egypt uniting was portrayed in Narmer's Palette, which was found in the ancient southern capital of Hierakonpolis. The general function of Narmer's Palette was to commemorate a victory over his human foes. With Narmer's victory, the Palette also depicts his successful claim and conquest of all of Egypt, thus establishing unification of Lower and Upper Egypt under his rule. The dominant them however, is the victory of the god incarnate over the forces of evil and chaos. The Narmer Palette, while depicting several social aspects and tendencies of the Egyptian society, also reveals and emphasizes their structured positions within a hierarchy of command. Both sides of the Palette reveal, at the top, the name of king Narmer, which first documents, in the written history of Egypt, that we now are dealing with a civilized state. When the scribes wanted to write king Narmer's name, they placed a small fish called a 'nar' over a chisel, pronounced 'mer'. This combination of the words gave them 'Narmer'. The Palette also depicts king Narmer(probably the legendary Menes) wearing the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Aphroditopolis, which represented Upper Egypt. Since Narmer had claimed victory over the northern king, thus becoming the first Pharaoh, the unification of Egypt was completed. The reverse of the Palette portrays Narmer clubbing a foeman. Narmer is then followed by his foot-washer, which should be noted is shown on a smaller scale and standing on a separate register line, as suited to his relative rank and position in Egypt's hierarchy. Narmer stands before the supreme sky-god Horus, of whom Narmer is also an incarnation, represented as a falcon with a human arm holding a papyrus thicket. On the obverse of this palette, Narmer inspects a battlefield near Buto, with several decapitated bodies of his foemen. Narmer is then preceded by his four standard-bearers and his priest. The middle register of this highly organized recording shows two long- necked lionesses and their attendants, symbolizing the newly established unification of Egypt. In the lower register Narmer is in disguise of a bull, which is destroying a fortified fort and killing any opponents in his path. The Narmer Palette reveals several important social aspects about how the Egyptians lived and were structured. The Palette also shows their value in recording historical events - with such items of war and political power struggles being 'newsworthy' events. It would be a mistake however, to read the Narmer Palette as a mere tale of conquest. Through military conquests however, Narmer was able to lay the political foundations of the kingship which endured thereafter as long as a Pharaoh wore the two crowns of Egypt. The actual finding of a Palette proves that Egyptians had established a written form of communication, which is today called hieroglyphic script. The Palette however, was depicted by Egyptian scribes using a complex combination of ideograms and phonetic signs. While king Narmer's name appears as hieroglyphic labels at the top of the Palette, it emphasizes that Egypt at this time was structured and had firmly established a civilized state. The entire Nile, now under the control of one king, was able to be utilized as the most important form of transportation. It was used for military campaigns, economic trading, and as a form of communication via boats. The Nile also provided a rich soil base which encouraged farmers to build huts and plant their crops along the river bank. Egyptian agriculture and the farmers' practices in irrigation revealed that the Egyptians had the man power and capabilities to divert water to particular fields for their crops. Although each community along the Nile was divided into districts, each governed by a man appointed by Narmer, each practised the same methods of collecting and diverting water. Also each man appointed to a particular district saw to it that taxes were collected and that the fields were drained and properly irrigated. The most significant piece of evidence that suggests that Narmers Palette Essays - Narmer, Upper And Lower Egypt, Narmer's Palette As Egypt grew and flourished to a powerful and rich nation, it left behind for today's historians, clues and artifacts of a once distinctive, well established and structured society. Proof of this is clearly depicted in king Narmer's Palette. This Palette shows historians the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, which signified the beginnings of a civilized era centred around the Nile. The unification of Egypt occurred around 3100 B.C., under the First Dynasty of Menes(3100-2850 B.C.). This age is commonly know as the Protodynastic era, which is known for the establishment of a firm political structure of the land which was unified in the hands of the king. The glorification of Lower and Upper Egypt uniting was portrayed in Narmer's Palette, which was found in the ancient southern capital of Hierakonpolis. The general function of Narmer's Palette was to commemorate a victory over his human foes. With Narmer's victory, the Palette also depicts his successful claim and conquest of all of Egypt, thus establishing unification of Lower and Upper Egypt under his rule. The dominant them however, is the victory of the god incarnate over the forces of evil and chaos. The Narmer Palette, while depicting several social aspects and tendencies of the Egyptian society, also reveals and emphasizes their structured positions within a hierarchy of command. Both sides of the Palette reveal, at the top, the name of king Narmer, which first documents, in the written history of Egypt, that we now are dealing with a civilized state. When the scribes wanted to write king Narmer's name, they placed a small fish called a 'nar' over a chisel, pronounced 'mer'. This combination of the words gave them 'Narmer'. The Palette also depicts king Narmer(probably the legendary Menes) wearing the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Aphroditopolis, which represented Upper Egypt. Since Narmer had claimed victory over the northern king, thus becoming the first Pharaoh, the unification of Egypt was completed. The reverse of the Palette portrays Narmer clubbing a foeman. Narmer is then followed by his foot-washer, which should be noted is shown on a smaller scale and standing on a separate register line, as suited to his relative rank and position in Egypt's hierarchy. Narmer stands before the supreme sky-god Horus, of whom Narmer is also an incarnation, represented as a falcon with a human arm holding a papyrus thicket. On the obverse of this palette, Narmer inspects a battlefield near Buto, with several decapitated bodies of his foemen. Narmer is then preceded by his four standard-bearers and his priest. The middle register of this highly organized recording shows two long- necked lionesses and their attendants, symbolizing the newly established unification of Egypt. In the lower register Narmer is in disguise of a bull, which is destroying a fortified fort and killing any opponents in his path. The Narmer Palette reveals several important social aspects about how the Egyptians lived and were structured. The Palette also shows their value in recording historical events - with such items of war and political power struggles being 'newsworthy' events. It would be a mistake however, to read the Narmer Palette as a mere tale of conquest. Through military conquests however, Narmer was able to lay the political foundations of the kingship which endured thereafter as long as a Pharaoh wore the two crowns of Egypt. The actual finding of a Palette proves that Egyptians had established a written form of communication, which is today called hieroglyphic script. The Palette however, was depicted by Egyptian scribes using a complex combination of ideograms and phonetic signs. While king Narmer's name appears as hieroglyphic labels at the top of the Palette, it emphasizes that Egypt at this time was structured and had firmly established a civilized state. The entire Nile, now under the control of one king, was able to be utilized as the most important form of transportation. It was used for military campaigns, economic trading, and as a form of communication via boats. The Nile also provided a rich soil base which encouraged farmers to build huts and plant their crops along the river bank. Egyptian agriculture and the farmers' practices in irrigation revealed that the Egyptians had the man power and capabilities to divert water to particular fields for their crops. Although each community along the Nile was divided into districts, each governed by a man appointed by Narmer, each practised the same methods of collecting and diverting water. Also each man appointed to a particular district saw to it that taxes were collected and that the fields were drained and properly irrigated. The most significant piece of evidence that suggests that

Free Essays on Why I Chose A Career In Pharmacy And How It Pertains To My Goals

I’ve chosen to pursue a pharmacy career not only because I enjoy working in the health-care industry but also because the pharmaceutical field has numerous career opportunities and a strong job outlook. As a Doctor of Pharmacy I will offer exceptional patient care, and help deter children from abusing drugs. What I like most about working in health-care is the satisfaction of helping someone better understand their treatment or condition. As a Pharmacist my knowledge of pharmaceutical developments and drug safety will help provide the best possible care to patients. Also, my career possibilities are virtually endless by gaining a Pharmacy Degree. The pharmacy program’s diverse curriculum will prepare me to work in a variety of departments. I will be able to work within a hospital, manufacturing plant, or in research. And because pharmacists are authoritative sources of medicine information, they will continue to play an important role in patient care and preventative medicine. Although my main career goal is to work close to patients and physicians, I also hope to use my training to educate children and teenagers about recreational drug use. The pharmacy program will equip me with the knowledge necessary to successfully accomplish both goals.... Free Essays on Why I Chose A Career In Pharmacy And How It Pertains To My Goals Free Essays on Why I Chose A Career In Pharmacy And How It Pertains To My Goals I’ve chosen to pursue a pharmacy career not only because I enjoy working in the health-care industry but also because the pharmaceutical field has numerous career opportunities and a strong job outlook. As a Doctor of Pharmacy I will offer exceptional patient care, and help deter children from abusing drugs. What I like most about working in health-care is the satisfaction of helping someone better understand their treatment or condition. As a Pharmacist my knowledge of pharmaceutical developments and drug safety will help provide the best possible care to patients. Also, my career possibilities are virtually endless by gaining a Pharmacy Degree. The pharmacy program’s diverse curriculum will prepare me to work in a variety of departments. I will be able to work within a hospital, manufacturing plant, or in research. And because pharmacists are authoritative sources of medicine information, they will continue to play an important role in patient care and preventative medicine. Although my main career goal is to work close to patients and physicians, I also hope to use my training to educate children and teenagers about recreational drug use. The pharmacy program will equip me with the knowledge necessary to successfully accomplish both goals....

Minority parents and child discipline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Minority parents and child discipline - Essay Example There are differences in the way children are punished by African American/Southern parents compared to their Caucasian/New England counterparts. Such variations are seen in other minority groups like Hispanic Americans, Korean Americans, etc. Chinese and Indian American parents’ methods and attitudes toward child discipline have particularly attracted comment and criticism. For example, in these communities, emphasis on academic excellence is very high. And parents accomplish this by imposing strict controls over her their children’s personal, family and social lives. The children are seldom allowed to indulge in extracurricular activities, get any grade other than an A, and not master musical instruments at a young age. Behind this grand ambition for her children, there goes a lot of hard work from all involved. And it is due to this kind of strictly regimented, industrious and highly ambitious life-style imposed on their children that they were able to achieve so muc h success in such a short time. The parents are of the firm conviction that they are the best judges of what is good for their children and resolutely act to attain those goals. Hence what might come across as child abuse at first might actually be effective child rearing practice when seen in the larger context. The problems arise, when punishment comes in conflict with state and federal laws for child protection.

Ezra Pound and his influence on Literature of the Twentieth Century Research Paper

Ezra Pound and his influence on Literature of the Twentieth Century - Research Paper Example Pound’s contributions to the imagist movement were a counterpoint to the Georgian poets who approached poetry in more conventional terms and treated more or less traditional themes. His friendship with Richard Aldington and H.D. played a great part in his being involved in this movement even though the primary motive was a strong conviction regarding the nature of poetry and the role of images in improving the existing condition of poetry. Pound’s influence on the imagist movement and the works of other writers who came after it as a result of it was immense. The dedication of T.S. Eliot’s masterpiece, The Wasteland, is to Pound who had edited the piece and suggested changes to the original draft of it. The involvement of Pound in the literary activities of his times can be seen through this. Other writers have also talked of their debt to Pound as he was one of the most towering figures in literature during his time. Even today, we find his influences on poetry and also other genres like the lyrics of popular songs where different images are yoked together to invoke feelings in the reader or the listener. Different associations are called to the mind of the audience which then has a personal interpretation to make of the poem or the song. Pound’s poetry and his theories regarding poetry also encouraged people to make such personal interpretations which did not need to stick to a particular set of definitions regarding a genre as was set by earlier thinkers. This was a part of the innovations in literature that happened during the initial decades of the twentieth century, of which Pound was a very important part. These innovations were in a great way responsible for the increase in the interest that people felt in poetry. With the rise of the novel as the dominant literary genre during the nineteenth century, poetry was largely on the decline. It is largely due to the influences of Pound and Eliot that poetry as a genre experienced a revival that made people look at the genre in a different way. Poetry was created anew as a genre that could reflect the troubled times of the First World War. An abandonment of the set notions of form and structure was used to unsettle the reader and shock him into understanding the complexity of the changes that the human psyche was undergoing during this epoch in history. This led to charges of obscurity in the poetry of Pound but it was mostly the novelty f his treatment of the genre that led to these. The use of images was taken up by other modernists as well such as Robert Frost, in whose poetry we can see the juxtaposition of images that would conjure complex emotions. The source of these emotions is not always known and the development of psychoanalysis was crucial in the development of the Imagists’ poetry. These ideas were taken up by other writers as well and the development and growth of psychoanalysis in the twentieth century was paralleled by the growth and the wide acceptance of the views that were propounded and endorsed by Pound. Pound’s writings and his ideas have had an immense influence on the works of post-modernist writers as well. The non-linear syntax that he employed in his writings was an important influence on

Questions for second reading Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questions for second reading - Term Paper Example Despite the fact that they may be speaking English, these different races may not understand each other due to integration of English with their own culture leading to different forms of slang. It is, however, vital to note that the statement above makes â€Å"autoethnographic work appears anomalous and chaotic. Autoethnography simply means that the researcher views society through his own personal experiences. This, therefore, means that since culture is distinct and monolingual people of different races would, therefore, interpret culture differently. Every culture would, therefore, have their own definition and interpretation of culture. This leads to misunderstanding and miscommunication. On the other hand, Guaman Poma’s text may be considered heterogeneous due to the manner in which people live in current society. Improved transport and technology has narrowed the divide that was there between the different cultures. The development of cities and towns in which different cultures meet has led to the integration of culture. This transculturation does not occur over night and is normally occurs due to the nature of humans to resolve their conflicts over time. This bringing of societies together is mainly due to the fact that a compromise has been reached between the different cultures. This is mainly due to interracial marriage, ethnic conflict, war, and racism. A perfect example of a group in which the different cultures participate in as a community is school. Education has been a key factor in bridging the divide between the various cultures. This is because schools bring the different types of races in a single setup in which they learn the very same things. It has led to the development of friendships between the people of different races and this enhances transculturation. Schools can, therefore, be thought of as a contact zone. This is because schools allow for people of different culture to meet in a single setting without

Business Analysis of British Airways (BA)

Business Analysis of British Airways (BA) British Airways plc provides air services operations both at international and domestic level. Its major business is commercial flight. It also caters to various services like cargo freight, mail services and other auxiliary services all over the world. Mainly it runs its business in United States and Europe. It is situated in Harmondsworth, Middlesex, employing 42,755 people all over. It is emerging to be competitive and sustain its integrity as the best airlines which stress superior customer service. It has 300 destinations throughout the world; this extent of operations offers customers with world-class services at various destinations. Its customers range from explorers to executive. The aim of this report is to enable readers to comprehend strategic review and analysis of British Airways by explaining: History of British Airways Current strategic situation Potential Strategic options Recommended strategic direction with rationale Identification of critical success factors Performance measurement criteria The procedure used to compile this report is mainly extensive reading of various text books on corporate strategy, online journal articles and company’s website. All the information, surveys and experimentations included are taken through proper referencing from standard sources. II. Main Body 1. History of British Airways British Airways which originated as Aircraft Transport and Travel started its maiden daily international scheduled air services between London and Paris after World War 1. In 1939, UK government merged British Airways and Imperial Airways to form British Overseas Airways, which became a state owned company. BOAC’s main operation was long haul services and British European Airways was established to serve continental European and domestic market. Both BOAC and BEA expanded their business geographically over a period of time and BOAC started its flights to New York (1946), Japan (1948), Chicago (1954) and west coast of the US (1957). At the same time BEA expanded its network to Belfast, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Manchester. In 1970, BEA started its charter airline services, BEA air tours. BAOC and BEA were merged together in 1972 under British Airways Board and in 1974 British Airways was formed. In 1976, British Airways started its first supersonic passenger service jointly with Air France. British Airways was privatised in 1987 and was merged with British Caledonian. In 2002, British Airways CitiExpress was formed by merging British Regional Airlines and Brymon Airways which were wholly owned subsidiaries. Other two wholly owned subsidiaries of British Airways, British Airways Regional and Manx Airlines were also merged with British Airways CitiExpress making it a single entirely owned regional subsidiary airline. In 2003, British Airways sold Dba, its German subsidiary to a German based low cost airline Verwaltungsgesellschaft. Same year British Airways Holidays introduced its first program after re-integrating with British Airways. In 2004, to clear their debt, British Airways sold their 18.6% of stake in Australian airline Qantas for  £1.1billion and also sold their London Eye to Tussauds  £95 million. In 2006, British Airways CitiExpress was renamed as BA Connect and the same year, they sold 14.6% stake in an Indian based business services Provider VVNS Holdings. British Airways also sold its Travel Clinic business to MASTA (Medical Advisory Services for Travellers Abroad). Meanwhile British Airways came to an agreement with Maley Hungarian Airlines for code sharing on each other’s flights. They also started a flight from London to Calgary, Canada. At the same time they acquired American Airline’s Stake in Iberia Airlines. In 2007, British Airways started flights from London to New quay in UK and also they announced their intention of their investment in 777-200 ERs which were scheduled for delivery in 2009.In 2006 they also sold their regional operations of BA connect to an European regional airlines Flybe. At the same time, British Airways launched its new subsidiary, BA CityFlyer in Lodon city Airport. BA CityFlyer was expected to operate 250 flights a week from the Docklands airport to six UK and European destinations. In May 2007, British Airways placed an order for eight airbus A320 family aircraft which were scheduled to be delivered between 2008 and 2010. Same month they announced their decision to replace 14 oldest Boeing 737’s with Airbus A319 aircraft, but they were also de-listed from New York Stock Exchange in the same month. British Airways launched their services from Paris and Brussels to New York in January 2008 and in April, 2008 from London to New York. Each week British Airways operated 62 flights from Gatwick and 55 flights from Heathrow. To make best of EU-US Aviation agreement, that allowed carriers to fly between any destinations in the EU and US, British Airways started their first commercial flight inJune 2008 from Paris to New York under a new subsidiary airline â€Å"OpenSkies† In July 2008, British Airways bought L’Avion, a French airline, which expected to be integrated with OpenSkies by early 2009. In the same month British Airways and Iberia, a Spain based airline group held talks for the merger of two companies. 2. Current strategic situation 2.1 Internal analysis British Airways deals with the operations of domestic and international scheduled air services for freight and mail, carrying passengers and various supplementary services. The company mainly function in the America and Europe. Company’s operations are also spread across Australia, Middle East, East Asia, India and Africa. Its head office is located in Harmondsworth, Middlesex. As on March 31, 2008 it employed 42,377 people. British airways had 245 aircraft in service at the end of March 2008 in comparison to 242 in March 2007. During the financial year ended March 2008,  £8,753 million (approximately $17,572.3 million) revenue was recorded which was 3.1% increase over 2007,  £8,75 million (approximately $1,756.6 million) was the operating profit which was 57.4% increase over 2007,  £680 million (approximately $1,365.2 million) was the net profit in comparison to  £290 million (approximately $582 million) net profit in 2007. Airlines business and Non-Airlines business are the two segments in which the company has divided its business. Cargo operations, main scheduled passengers and revenue from ancillary services comprises airlines business. In addition to scheduled services, chartered services are also provided by company’s passenger transportation services at both domestic and international level. It’s among the largest scheduled international passenger airlines in the world with airline route network of 300 destinations. More than 33 million passengers travelled through British Airways in FY2008. BA Connect is a wholly owned subsidiary of British airways which operates on regional (UK) routes. Heathrow International Airport is the company’s principal base, where it carries 41% (approx) of airport passengers. Gatwick, London is its second base of operations. It maintains hangers, operates offices and other support services at Gatwick, Heathrow and other UK airports. Space and desks under lease or license is also occupied by the company throughout the UK including Glasgow, Newcastle, Manchester, Edinburgh and Birmingham. During the financial year ended March 31, 2008, 805,000 tons of cargo was carried by its cargo transportation services to destinations in the America, Europe and other parts of the world. Passenger aircrafts carries the majority of cargo, while the remaining is carried on part-chartered freighter aircraft or leased. A range of services to other air lines is also provided by British Airways like airframe maintenance, consultancy services, cargo handling and computer and communication services. Non-airline businesses comprise mainly Airmiles Travel Promotions (the UKs famous travel loyalty scheme provider) and BA Holidays (company’s subsidiary which offers sightseeing, transfer options, hotels and cars across 250 destinations over the world). 2.2 External Analysis We will briefly analyse the external analysis of British Airways based on â€Å"Porters five forces analysis† and PESTEL analysis. 2.2.0 Porter’s five forces analysis :http://www.themanager.org/Models/p5f.htm Competitor’s rivalry within the industry High. Rivalry is high due to power of buyers and threats of substitutes. It’s the only force which determines industry attractiveness. They compete with other airlines on the same city-pair routes, from charter services, from other modes of transport and from charter services. Virgin Atlantic, easy jet and other European airlines are in tough competition with British Airways as there is a free market for domestic flights operating in the whole of Europe. These airlines are free to decide the fares and operate on any route. There is competition not only in the air but also on ground as well, for instance a 17% decrease in rail journey times between London and Manchester in 2004 and 2007 led to 20% growth in the train’s share in total market. British airways introduced a corporate responsibility centre stage that helps the company to stand out from the other competitors. Threats of new entrants Low. Competitor’s mergers and acquisitions also have the potential to effect their revenue and market position. Very high cost is required by new entrants to start. British Airways have invested a huge amount on infrastructure, computers and online services. Therefore initial investment required to start up this business is very high. Further, its brand name and strong market position reduces the threat of new entrants. Bargaining power of suppliers High. Main suppliers of airline industry are for fuel, in-flight services and aircraft. The cost of changing suppliers proves very high in airlines business. The suppliers generally have a powerful brand in Airlines industry. For instance, like British Airways have Boeing and Airbus aircrafts, therefore they need to avail the services and maintenance of aircrafts from them. Bargaining power of buyers High. British Airways customers do don’t have any control over the prices or they lack bargaining power. However, they are very powerful as very high competition prevails in the airlines market. Their top competitors include Ryanair Holdings plc, Ryanair, Air France KLM, Virgin Atlantic Airways, Lufthansa etc and many times these airlines provide competitive offers to the customers with very low prices. Threat of substitutes Medium. The airlines industry has suffered a high loss of customer confidence after September 11, 2001 disaster in New York. There is no direct replacement available for airlines for long/overseas journeys. Coaches, Trains or ship/ferries can be used for short journeys. Rapid development of technology can be an indirect substitute of air transportation. According to International AirTransport Authority, Corporate Air Travel Survey 2002, for last 12 months â€Å"no frills/low cost† airlines were used by 1/3 of all business travellers basically for cost benefit. Further, video conferencing was used by 37% to save money and travel time. PESTEL The beginning of the new millennium has made the airlines industry witness the most difficult time it has ever faced. Political instability and unprecedented crisis have resulted from terrorist attacks in September 11, 2001 in New York and July 7, 2005 in London together with wars in Iraq. These incidents resulted in new security regulations from the US and EU and customer travelling confidence have also reduced. Economic factors are of vital importance. Fourth quarter of 2008 showed a 2.0% lower GDP than fourth quarter of 2007. This is mainly due to the recent credit crises and thereby economic slowdown. Company showed an operating profit of  £89 million as on 31st December’2008, which is 88% down compared to 2007. Further,  £70 million was the loss before tax for the same period and fuel cost went up by 48.4% to  £2,244 million. It is mainly due to economic weakness and fall in the value of sterling. Impacts of social factors vary from country to country. Size of potential market and customer’s needs are affected by them. Demographic changes have led to the growth of â€Å"grey† market which is incurring more expenses on travelling and leisure. Tastes, fashions and lifestyle are also changing. So as to maximize its capability to operate and plan in a most effective scheduling and routes possible, British airways is using route planning software. Use of standard technology will minimize cost and provide quality service to freight customers and passengers. (Gomm, 2005). Technology also enables to reduce the personal costs like automated check-in processes and e-ticketing and thereby enables the airlines to offer standard services with less human resource. BA is the first airline to introduce a unique technological system called â€Å"Microwave Landing Technology†, which increases the rate of safe landing during low visibility by 20%. Power of Trade Union is an important legal factor affecting British Airways. British Airways is aware of the consequences caused by Trade Unions (August 2004 and August 2005 strike actions). Factors which British Airways must consider are legal regulations on customer rights, employee rights and rise in ecological and environmental issues. 2.3 SWOT British Airways which has strong international operations network with 300 destinations across the world has its own strengths and weaknesses. Here is the SWOT analysis which helps to understand their business scenario better. Positive Negative INTERNAl Strengths Weakness Strong geographical presence at international level High employee productivity High Service Quality Large Airport Presence Strong operating performance first-rate new fleet of aircrafts Use of High end technology Competitive and quality customer service Bad performance at key markets in terms of revenue growth High Debt of the company Highly Dependent on Fuel Lack of effective marketing strategyEXTERNAlOpportunityThreats Growing global tourism industry and an increase in international travellers Growing air cargo industry EU-US aviation agreement Buracratic systems and management poor decision making Drastic change in technology and customer behaviour Intense competition from low cost airlines Increase in fuel cost Economic slowdown due to credit crunch 2.4. Current strategy â€Å"One Destination seeks to ensure our customers fly confident that, together, we are acting responsibly to take care of the world we live in.† is the vision of British Airways. Their corporate responsibility vision is to become the world’s most responsible airline and they have developed guiding principles describing what they are doing to achieve this goal. Leading the industry towards finding innovative solution is their determination. They plan to continually review how they fly, what they fly and what they buy to become the most responsible and efficient airlines in the world. The British Airways has developed a strategy where their main concern is to establish themselves in Terminal 5 and also acquire new aircrafts depending upon their financial performance by March 2010. They have adopted an approach to truly deliver this vision, uniting all areas of the organisation, divided into 4 major pillars:EnvironmentThey aim to minimise their impact on the environment, including their contribution to air quality, waste, climate change and noise. British Airways was the first airline to report its environmental performance in 1992 since they recognise the impact they have on our planet while delivering socially and economically vital service of air transport. So as to become the world’s most responsible airline, their environment strategy aims to minimise and manage the environmental impacts. Main focus: How they fly Efficient operation to minimise their impact on environment. What they fly Adopting recent technology including alternative fuels, airframes andengines to minimise their impact. What they buy Using economic tools like emissions trading for fully reflecting the cost oftheir environmental impact. Goals across these areas are: By 2010 landfill by zero waste in the UK. By 2025 they aim to improve the carbon efficiency by 25% reducing the carbon dioxidefrom 111 to 83 grammes per passenger per kilometre. By 2015* average noise per flight to reduce by 15%†¢By 2050 their net CO2 emissions to reduce by 50%*measured as the network average quota count (QC) for combined landing and take-off cycle. Comprehensive plan developed to achieve the Goals†¢Climate change British Airways overall strategy is to ensure maximum contributionto their share of global carbon dioxide emission reductions by 2050†¢Waste Focus on recycling, reducing, reusing and responsible waste disposal. Noise Their impact on the local communities nearby airport to be reduced. Air quality Air quality for communities nearby airport to be improved. Community Providing support to local communities in the country where British Airways operate is the main belief of the company. Conservation projects, small individual programmes, 120 international communities and various charities were helped by BA’s support. London Benchmarking Group reported British Airways direct and in-kind donations of  £5.7m last year. British Airways offer variety of support like cargo space, funding, fund raising events, merchandise, free flights and excess baggage. Their main concerns for support are Sustainable Tourism and Heritage, Education and Youth Development, Environment and Supporting employees. Marketplace British Airways suppliers and customers are involved in one destination in their marketplace pillar, to facilitate building up more sustainable business and to persuade dedication to corporate responsibility. Issue covered by their marketplace pillar comprises: How they fly Reliable customer What they buy Responsible procurement What they fly Sustainable products and services Goals across these areas are: 10% of customers to be encouraged to counterbalance their carbon on ba.com by 2012. By 2012 100% of their strategic suppliers to be audited for ethical practices. Corporate responsibility to be used as a decision criteria by 75% of corporate customersby 2010. Workplace British Airways aim to provide a work environment that engages, develops, motivates and support their colleagues. Encouraging employees to be committed to Corporate Responsibility is the main aim of British Airways workplace As employees plays a vital role in making up the airline and they need them onboard One destination. This commitment is not only going to help them deliver a great place to work, rather it will also ensure quality customer service in the industry. Issues covered by their workplace pillar comprise: How they fly Responsible colleague What they buy Tools to do the job What they fly Invest in people Our goals across these areas are: Every year British Airways 50% employees donate money to charity through ‘Pay Roll Giving’. Every year British Airways 50% employees donate time to communities and charities. 75% of employees committed to delivering our corporate responsibility goals by 2010 British Airways have recognized performance objectives to evaluate their development in each of these four sections. British Airways aim to deliver its corporate responsibility strategy by a programme plan developed including over 80 programme level activities and hundreds individual projects. Business Plan BP10Bring Terminal 5 aliveIn order to improve the operational performance and enhance customer experience British Airways main concern is successful delivery of terminal 5 at Heathrow base. Terminal 5 denote their sole biggest challenge and change. British Airways â€Å"Fit for 5† programme was set to be accomplished in the 1st year, which involved essential agreement modification and implementation on highly superior work performance all over the Heathrow terminals. BA Basics and Brilliance The British Airways board aims to offer â€Å"Brilliance† in its activities and deliver the â€Å"BA Basics† constantly. Business Plan 10 (BP10) primarily focuses on baggage performance and punctuality with additional plans to recover â€Å"BA Basics† in various areas for the long term. British Airways aims to offer â€Å"Brilliance† to their customers in numerous vital areas such as their customer services, Terminal 5, ba.com, their premium customer experience and their network and schedule from London. Competitive cost base Main priority of BP 10 is cost control; they expect savings from various areas of business too. The need to decrease considerable deficit position and resolution of pension’s problem is predominantly acknowledged in BP10. It’s quite difficult for them to achieve a competitive cost base if they are to accomplish their growth and investment plans. Invest in growth In the first year of the plan they campaign to commence a competition for the new long haul aircraft, if the pension’s deficit satisfactorily resolves. In order to meet their explicit growth plans they intended to secure first of these aircrafts in 2009, whilst the replacement of fleet will be started by 2011 with the second batch. The strategic significance of the operations in London and Gatwick airport is recognized in BP10. The key to British Airways network development programme from London airport is the operations maintenance of BA Connect’s London city, as part of British Airways regional business sale to Flybe. BP10 enablers The vital aspect behind implementation of BP10 is constant engagement and participation of British Airways’ people. A major segment of British Airways broader communication strategy was local face-to-face communication as it was accepted to be the most effectual engagement. The second major possibility for change in the business remained IT. British Airways investment plans in this sector comprised constant advancements in the functionality and usability of ba.com, Terminal 5, encouraging a variety of departmental change programmes and automating corporate processes plus simplifying services by use of employee self service. 3. Potential Strategic options After going through BA’s vision, goal and their current strategy, we are of the opinion that BA’s current strategy is very competitive and will definitely help British Airways to achieve their goals. In addition to the above strategy, we also have identified few more potential strategic options which could be helpful for BA’s further growth. The accessibility to enormous products and services creates an opportunity to exploit them appropriately. Making the most of global variations and technological trends serves as a potential opportunity to work with. The potential strategic options which British Airways could utilize for further development of business could be Virtual reality, which may serve as an innovative simulation, share expertise and attaining network software. Some of the potential strategic options for British Airways are discussed below:Global tourismThere are many factors which have a very strong influence on the airline industry and one of them is trends in global tourism industry. As per the World Tourism Organization survey, approximately 898 million international tourists travelled globally in 2007 which is 6% higher than the previous year (846 million- 2006). As per the Tourism Satellite Account research which is done by World Travel and Tourism council, it is been predicted that world travel and tourism will grow at an average rate of 4.3% per annum for the period of 2008-2017 and will generate $13 trillion for that period. Rising Air Cargo Industry There is a tremendous growth in the Air Cargo market and the volume of the business is doubling in every 10 years time. As per the International Civil Aviation Organization, the cargo business is expected to grow at an average rate of 6.5% per annum in next 20 years. Approximately 22.17 million tons of freight was carried throughout the world and it is expected to grow up to 60million in 2017. In 2008, BA transported 805000 tons of goods and these numbers will increase tremendously in coming years due to its operations presence in most part of the world and will be benefited by the growing trend in cargo market. Open Skies Agreement Open Skies aviation agreement between EU and US is an air transport agreement, which allows airlines of both EU and US to fly between any points among EU, US and non EU countries like Switzerland. This is the replacement for the previous agreement made between US and each European country. To take advantage of this agreement, British Airways started new subsidiary airlines â€Å"OpenSkies† and for the first time it started to fly direct flights from continental Europe to the US. The first flight of open skies was on June 2008, from Paris to New York. The new agreement has enabled British Airways to increase its operations in the key regions. Several Strategic options can also be identified with the help of the Ansoff Matrix analysis discussed below. Ansoff Matrix Market Penetration Market penetration strategy involves consolidating and protecting/building the existing product/services in the existing market. It occurs when a company with its existing product penetrates a market. This strategy starts with the existing customers of the organization. This strategy can be used to increase sales without losing focus on their existing product/services. British Airways can penetrate in the market through their joint business agreement with Iberia and American airways thereby gaining competitors customers, by upgrading the quality of their services and also increasing the frequency of the flights in the existing market. It is comparatively cheaper to retain existing customers than finding new ones. Product Development Product development strategy emphasises on building a new product with existing and new capabilities beyond current expectations in the existing market. In the present scenario of economic downturn, it is quite difficult to introduce new product considering the cost involved in developing new product and it is risky to predict customer reaction too. British airways have already invested a huge amount in setting up its infrastructure especially in Terminal 5. They should rather emphasise on maintaining and upgrading the quality of present services. Market Development Market development strategy focuses on finding new segments, territories, new uses of existing market with existing product/services. British Airways may go for new market development considering the current strategic situation of the market. However, as the company already operates in more than 300 destinations therefore we would recommend them to concentrate on maintaining the quality of services at the existing markets thereby further build up its position. Diversification Diversification concentrates on developing a new product in new market with existing and new capabilities beyond current expectations. Since British Airways have numerous services operating almost all over the world, it would involve high degree of uncertainty and financial risk to go for diversification. Mergers and acquisitions could be an important alternative for further growth. However the current financial situation of British Airways does not allow the same as they have already invested a huge amount on its current projects and it might prove to be difficult and risky too. Although British Airways may consider this decision once the company’s position is strengthened and there is potential for growth and acquisition in the market. It may be a useful strategy in order to attain fast market growth. Thus the strategy which we would advise British Airways is to concentrate on existing market and existing services and accomplishing its ongoing investment project. So as to achieve further growth in the market British Airways should make the best possible use of its investment projects and strengthen its brand name by providing new offers to the current customers and appealing to new niche market. 4. Recommended strategic direction with rationale After discussing the current strategy and potential strategic options for British Airways, we would like to further recommend the following strategic directions:Develop opportunitiesBritish Airways should try to continue their business tie-ups in the new market once they regain their financial stability. Though BA’s talks on merger with Quantas Airways Limited failed, they need to strengthen their existing joint business with Quantas to have a good hold on the Australian market. They need to concentrate on Asian and Middle East market which has a high potential for growth. Distributing the risk British Airways should concentrate on their Cargo industry which has got a great potential. They should also try to reach more markets through code sharing with other airlines which is a cost effective option. Manipulating strengths British Airways have got a very strong base in Heathrow Airport, UK. BA’s Terminal 5 presence will help them to maintain high standard of service as it will enable them to handle increased volumes of customers and baggage. Upgrading Customer experience They should focus on providing better facilities like T5 lounge, which provides premium customers better comfort and luxury like a private members club. They should strengthen their customer base by constantly upgrading their flight schedules, offering better competitive packages for customers and being competitive with the facilities provided on board so as to attract more customers and thereby creating an opportunity for increasing revenue. Controlling cost of expansion plan British Airways has been moderately successful by following its effective strategies. Currently, we would advise BA to control its expenditure on buying new fleets and expanding to new destinations. They also need to reduce the cost of high aircraft utilization so as to minimize environmental risks. Services British Airways needs to concentrate on providing value for money to the customers. There is an intense competition in the market from Virgin Airlines, Singapore Air, KLM, Quantas and Emirates who also fly in the same route. They might lose their customers if they do not provide something unique from their competitors. These days the number of low cost airlines is increasing through out the world in both domestic and international market. Hence, cost effective and better services should be provided. Passenger friendly airports It is of extreme importance for passengers to feel that their purchasing needs are met. British Airways should aim to establish an image of a major international hub with standard facilities.