An Overview and History of the Compass

The compass is an instrument used for navigation; it generally has a magnetic needle that points toward the earths magnetic North Pole. The magnetic compass has been in existence for nearly a thousand years and is the most common type of compass. The gyroscopic compass is far less common than a magnetic compass. The Magnetic Compass In order to adjust a magnetic compass to due or true north and toward the geographic North Pole, one must know the amount of magnetic declination or variation that exists in a specific region. There are online maps and calculators available that provide the difference in declination between true north and magnetic north for every point on the globe. By adjusting ones magnetic compass based on the local magnetic declination, it is possible to ensure that ones directions are accurate. The Gyroscopic Compass The History of the Compass Compasses were originally developed when lodestones, a mineral that has naturally magnetized iron ore, were suspended above a board with the ability to pivot and turn. It was discovered that the stones would always point in the same direction, and align themselves with the north/south axis of the earth. The Compass Rose The 32 points were originally drawn to indicate winds and were used by sailors in navigation. The 32 points represented the eight major winds, the eight half-winds, and the 16 quarter-winds. All 32 points, their degrees, and their names can be found online. On early compass roses, the eight major winds can be seen with a letter initial above the line marking its name, as we do with N (north), E (east), S (south), and W (west) today. Later compass roses, around the time of Portuguese exploration and Christopher Columbus, show a fleur-de-lys replacing the initial letter T (for tramontana, the name of the north wind) that marked north, and a cross replacing the initial letter L (for levante) that marked east, showing the direction of the Holy Land. We still commonly see the fleur-de-lys and cross symbols on compass roses today, if not just the simple letter initials for the cardinal directions. Every cartographer designs a compass rose a little differently, using different colors, graphics, and even symbols. Multiple colors are often used simply as a means of easily distinguishing the many points and lines on a compass rose. 360 Degrees Uses of the Compass Most people use a compass casually, for instance with hiking or camping. In those situations, basic compasses like the thumb compass or other orienteering compasses that are clear and can be read over a map are suitable. Many casual uses where travel is over a short distance require basic markings for cardinal directions and a basic level of understanding compasses. For more advanced navigation, where large distances are covered and a slight variation of degrees would offset your course, a deeper understanding of compass reading is required. Understanding declination, the angle between true north and magnetic north, the 360 degree markings on the compass face, and your course-of-direction arrow combined with individual compass instructions requires more advanced study. For simple, easy-to-understand, beginners instructions on how to read a compass, visit compassdude.com.

Fatalism and Determinism - 1104 Words

The way in which life is viewed can change the way in which one reacts to scenarios and interacts with other beings. Although I do not think simply learning philosophy can change the way I live, I know that learning and exploring deeper into specific philosophies can completely alter my outlook on life. Life is a particular type or aspect of people’s existence and all beings are living this life as far as we know. The question I often find myself asking is whether or not we are the ones making our own choices, living life as we so choose, with no free will at all (determinism), or with our fate set out for us (fatalism). I would like to believe I am in charge of making my own choices and everything is either luck of the draw or things come†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that the events that will take place in my life are destined to occur one way or another, it makes me rethink certain aspects of my own life. My entire outlook on life has changed based on this o ne theory. My belief in God which was previously nonexistent has grown immensely because of philosophy thus changing my outlook on life even more. If one is a believer in an omniscient being, God, that person is fatalist. Taylor explains, â€Å"To say that God is omniscient means that He knows everything that is true. He cannot, of course, know that which is false,† (Taylor, 57). If God exists and knows all, then if God were to tell someone how, when, where they were going to die his answer would have to be true. Therefore if God knows all that has happened, whether it is as minor as an ant being born or as major as the end of the world, God knows all that is involved. One cannot believe in God and not believe in fate because He knows all that will come in the future and that is what fate is. However, a determinist will not believe in God, because of this fact. A determinist sees all the causes of what has happened as random, independent events that have causes and effects. I n the story of Osmo, although he knows what future holds he still cannot avoid it. This story does not prove the theory of fate, however, it gives an example of how it is unavoidable. A determinist will believe this story because he knows what fate has setShow MoreRelatedFree Will : Causal Determinism, Fatalism, And Compatibilism Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesOn Free Will: Causal Determinism, Fatalism, and Compatibilism. The philosophical questioning of free will is really a matter of the volition of man. That is, free will is a central dogma that many subscribe to that empowers them to be accountable for their own lives and that provides meaning to something that is largely unknown. Free will proves to be a profound and highly debated topic in the philosophical realm. Whether free will truly exists or not is largely implicating in how one perceives theRead MoreA Comparative Tragedy Study of Fatalism and Determinism: Oedipus Rex and Thunderstorm2489 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿A Comparative Tragedy Study of Fatalism and Determinism: Oedipus Rex and The Thunderstorm 1. INTRODUTION The Thunderstorm and Oedipus Rex, the representatives of Chinese and Greek play, both tell tragic stories about incest and unexpected destiny. The two masterpieces reveal much about the literature patterns and philosophical implications of the different cultures. The exploration of the two plays could help further understand the oneness of world literature and the tragedy of unlike cultureRead MoreThe Laws Of Physics Make You Choose This Question1385 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain whether a person chooses this question using either free will or determinism or possibly even both. It will try to demonstrate this by referring to key arguments from various philosophers and identifying both the weaknesses and strengths of the arguments used. It is no doubt that those who agree with the statement, â€Å"the laws of physics make you choose this question†, are supporters of determinism. The theory of determinism, is a philosophical concept which aims to prove that every event includingRead MoreSophocles Oedipus The King1387 Words   |  6 Pagesall of his efforts were in vain and that he had no control over his own destiny; The free will he thought he had was merely an illusion (Sophocles 59). Since the day he was born, his fate had already been determined. The theme of â€Å"free will vs determinism† can be seen throughout the play, and it raises some very important questions. Questions that are very difficult to answer and have troubled even the most famous of philosophers for many millennia. Is there such a thing as free will? Is free willRead MoreThe Controversy Over Free Will And Determinism1354 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy between free will and determinism has been argued about for years. If we look into a dictionary, free will is define as the power given to human beings to be able to make free choices that is unconstrained by external circumstances or a force such as fate or divine intervention. Determinism is defined as a philosophical doctrine that every event, act, and decision is the inescapable consequence of antecedents that are independent of the human will. Determinism states that humans have no freeRead MoreFree Will Vs. Determinism879 Words   |  4 PagesFree Will vs. Determinism What determines and influences human behavior? Humans have been looking the answer for this question during several eras, thus they developed various theories attempting to explain human behavior. Determinism is the belief that one event is the consequence of a previous action, similar to a chain. According to some philosophers who support determinism, the will of an agent follows physical laws, and every action is explicable and predictable by physical conditions. By thisRead More Free Will Determinism Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesmust define the terms free will, determinism and fate or destiny. Free will is the ability to choose. Furthermore, it is the power of making free choices that are unconstrained by external circumstances or by an agency such as fate. Fate, or destiny, can be defined as the inevitable events predestined by this force. However, there is a better position to take when it comes to arguing against free will; and that position, or belief, is called determinis m. Determinism states that the conditions at oneRead MoreNot Freedom And Determinism Can Coexist1425 Words   |  6 PagesCompatibilists and incompatibilists have always disagreed on one issue: whether or not freedom and determinism can coexist. The compatibilist believes that the events in one’s life can be predetermined while the individual can nevertheless have free will, while the incompatibilist believes that one must choose between free will or determinism as both cannot coexist. In this paper, I will argue that even though there may be some faults within the compatibilists ways of thinking, most of their argumentsRead MoreFree Will Compatible With Determinism Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Donis Professor Ryan Hay Phil. 190 11 December, 2015 Free Will Compatible With Determinism Free will – a concept that always brings forth the question, â€Å"Does free will exist?† There are various arguments that come from both sides of the discussion, those in favor of free will based on religious text, and those that can argue that free will is a concept and ideal created to give humans the illusion that they have the ability to choose what they can do in life.The questionRead MoreThe Matrix Of Free Will And Determinism Essay2191 Words   |  9 Pagespertaining to determinism. Determinism is the theory that every event that occurs is caused to occur such that what obtains in the future could not have been different given what has obtained in the past. This issue persists throughout the entire trilogy and shapes the development of the characters and the story. The films borrow ideas from various forms of media, including philosophers like Baron Paul Henry d’Holbach, to create a film series that questions the idea of free will and determinism. The fi lms

Related To Malnutrition And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

A literature reappraisal is a digest of resources that provide the land work for farther survey. It is often found as a subdivision of a published research survey. Literature reappraisal refers to the activities involves in seeking for information on a subject and developing a comprehensive image of the province of the cognition on the subject. We will write a custom essay sample on Related To Malnutrition And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reappraisal of literature is a written sum-up of the survey conducted antecedently related to the present survey subject. ( Polit and Hungler, 1999 ) The research worker did an broad reappraisal of literature on the research subject in order to derive deeper penetration into the job and to roll up maximal relevant information for constructing the foundations of the survey. In the present survey the reappraisal of literature is organized under the undermentioned headers ; Section-I: Surveies related to malnutrition and fleshiness at school degree. Section-II: Surveies related to consequence of planned nursing intercession. Section-III: Surveies related to knowledge and pattern on Healthy Food Habits among kids. Section-IV: Surveies related to Pender ‘s Health Promotion Model Theory Section-V: Surveies related to Conceptual model based on Pender ‘s wellness publicity theoretical account ( 2002 ) SECTION-I: STUDIES RELATED TO MALNUTRITION AND OBESITY Malnutrition in early childhood causes irreparable harm to the development of kid and consequences in wastage of human resources. Hence decrease in the high rate of kid mortality and morbidity due to malnutrition becomes an of import undertaking of policy shapers and societal development contrivers study conducted in rural countries of India revealed that abut 90 % of the kids suffer from different classs of malnutrion and about 15 % of them are in utmost grades of malnutrition. Shetty, P.S. , ( 2000 ) concluded that in an person a series of physiology A ; behavior response can happen. as a consequence of low energy consumption that is below the acceptable degree of demands. If they individual seek to follow the lower energy consumption so it is good for the endurance of single. Hensrud, DD. , ( 2000 ) reviewed a journal nutrition showing and appraisal which revealed the both under nutrition and over nutrition which leads to increased morbidity and mortality rate. Rio-Grande Dosul. , ( 2004 ) conducted that because of the excess helping of sugar sweetened bevarage, there is an increased opportunity of acquiring fleshiness in most of the in-between school kids. that is approximately 60 % due to the alterations in the feeding wonts, the individuals who are populating in the developed states are more prone to acquire fleshiness. Depending on the composing A ; the quality of the diet the nutrient consumption has to be related with the fleshiness. Rodriguez, NR. , ( 2005 ) concluded that the kids assorted nutritionary demands in relation to the growing. For the normal growing of the immature kids they should take equal sum of energy A ; indispensable aminoacids.A broad scope of protein consumption of about.6 to2.9gm/kg should be given for the immature kids. Charles. , ( 2005 ) concluded that since 1960 ‘s the prevalence rate of fleshiness has increased more among the kids in U.S.One of the of import factor that is lending to the paediatric fleshiness is ingestion of sugar sweetened drinks. Veteri, F.E. , ( 2010 ) concluded a series of inquiry associated with the equal energy A ; protein intake. that is necessary for the growing A ; proper operation of the children.Inorder to fulfill the protein demands big sum of protein must be ingested along with energy consumption. The present survey shows that there is an associated between the eating wonts and fleshiness. SECTION-II: STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECT OF PLANNED NURSING INTERVENTION Piffer.S, Kaisermann.D. , ( 2003 ) presented paper reports the consequences of a study on dietetic wonts of 1,398 kids go toing first category of primary school in Trento state ( Northern Italy ) the undermentioned points were investigated. Frequency of interruption fast and nutrient intake.frequency of nutrients at school the construct of tracer nutrients as veggies, fruits, and Sweet was besides investigated. The consequences were analysed harmonizing gender, country of abode, learning method and educational degree of parents. The information about nutritionary manner are satisfactory even if they are strongly associated to education degree of parents, above all of the female parent. The adequateness of nutritionary manner is increasing with the increasing of educational degree. School repast, offering selected nutrients to all kids go toing fulltime learning subdivision, can re-equilibrate nutritionary manner, diminishing the differences associated to education degree of the paren ts. Delisle, H. , ( 2010 ) conducted a survey sing the importance of placing the healthy and culturally relevant dietetic forms. which helps in advancing wellness A ; forestalling diet related chronic disease. The surveies shows that a limited no of nutrients determines the quality of diet A ; result of wellness. The traditional diets are more fitter A ; utile when comparison to untraditional dietetic forms. Apart from this healthy feeding wonts are more executable if the attack to the nutrient consumption is equal. Present informations can be used for implementing and bettering wellness publicity action on right dietetic wonts in kid goon, maintaining count of the function of instruction degree of the parents. During the development of kids they need equal proportion of healthy nutrients as like the grownup eat. SECTION-III: STUDIES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE ON HEALTHY FOOD HABITS AMONG CHILDREN: This article shows the dietetic pattern that is following by the kids.Who are go toing the farm school. The findings shows that proper dietetic patterns determines the nutritionary position it besides influence the societal economical A ; psychological development of the kids. Gil, A. , ( 2009 ) They identified that the consumption of traditional nutrient has no relation the normal dietetic pattern.They were considered as giving small protection from diseases.The survey findings showed that the organic structure mass index exercisings and the assorted diseases status has no important association with the dietetic form. SECTION-IV: STUDIES RELATED TO PENDER ‘S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL Austin David, R. , ( 2000 ) it describes that assorted elements are involved in the Pender ‘s wellness publicity model.It shows the advantages every bit good as the disadvantage of the theoretical account. For the support of the theoretical account assorted literature surveies has taken. Calderon, ( 2002 ) The determination showed the belief and patterns of breastcancer among aged adult females A ; their perceptual experience towards this.It consist of both educational A ; environmental support which areconductive to wellness behavior.For the wellness publicity in the older population co-ordination of assorted services adapted. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON PENDER ‘S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL ( 2002 ) Conceptual model is interrelated constructs on abstractions that are assembled together in some rationale strategy by virtuousness relevancy to a common subject ( Polit and Beck, 2004 ) . It is a device which to excite research and the extension of cognition by supplying both way and drift. A model may function as a spring board for scientific findings meaningful and generalizable. The present survey is aimed at developing and measuring the effectivity of planned nursing intercession in footings of cognition and pattern on wellness nutrient wonts among primary school kids in selected school at Salem. The conceptual model of this survey is based on Pender, Murdaugh, C and Parson. , ( 2002 ) Health Promotion Model. Pender, ( 2002 ) defines wellness as the realization of built-in and acquired human potency through end directed behavior, competent ego attention and fulfilling relationships with others, while accommodations are made as needed to keep structural unity and harmoniousness with relevant environment. Health Promotion Model is based chiefly on three theories of human behavior the theory of sound action, the theory of planned behaviour and societal cognitive theory. Theory of reasoned action explains that the major determiner of behaviour is the individual ‘s purpose for that behaviour, when she believes that she has control over the state of affairs. Prior Related Behavior: It highlights the experience with the advancing behaviour. In this survey prior related behaviour of cognition and pattern of primary school kids on 1st twenty-four hours. It includes equal -inadequate cognition and pattern towards wellness nutrient wonts, conveying / non conveying healthy nutrients will be assessed by pre-test on 1st twenty-four hours. Personal Factors: Factors about the individual, that influences wellness advancing behavior. This includes biological and socio-cultural factors in this survey. Biological Factors: Includes age of the sample, gender, type of the household. Socio-cultural factors: Education of the female parent, business of the female parent, faith. Health Promoting Behavior: Behaviours ( or ) actions that people carry out with the purposes of better their wellness. In this survey is specified, wellness advancing cognition and pattern of healthy nutrients to kids pamphlet distributed to the kids giving information sing healthy nutrient wonts to the female parents of kids. Regular practicing of wellness nutrient wonts. Perceived Control of Health: Childs can understand about the in effects of taking debris nutrients. Perceived Health Status: The research worker perceived that there is little betterment in the nutrient wonts of kids of conveying wellness bites. Perceived Benefits of Action: Belief about the positive or reenforcing effects of a wellness advancing behavior. Here it includes kids will comprehend benefits of good balanced diet, sample develops the wellness nutrient wonts and betterment in cognition sing wellness nutrient wonts, stay wellness and energetic. Sensed Barriers of Health Promoting Behavior: Belief about kids reduced attending span, more attracted to advertizements, working female parents. Interpersonal Influences: Belief about learning programme on wellness nutrient wonts and advancing pattern of conveying wellness nutrients on 3, 6, 10th twenty-four hours of pattern appraisal by this research worker. Situational Influences: Peer group. Immediate Competing Preferences: Distracting thought about other attractive activities to make instantly before prosecuting in a wellness promotes behaviour. In this survey, it includes kid ‘s wellness, taking healthy nutrients. Committedness to a Plan of Action: Committedness to transport out a wellness promotes bahaviour. The program should be specific to clip and topographic point, and stipulate whether it will be with identified individual or entirely. Practice healthy nutrient wonts at school scene after learning, this survey describe about the preparation of a realistic program to pattern healthy nutrient wonts by conveying healthy nutrient wonts by conveying healthy bites, and healthy tiffin daily ( forenoon and afternoon ) to the school with the supervising of research worker in alternate yearss. How to cite Related To Malnutrition And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Management Research Project Sustainable Business Tourism - Sample

Question: Discuss about the Management Research ProjectSustainable Business Tourism. Answer: Introduction Sustainable business tourism is one of the main areas that in the social, economic and environmental respectfully. In the present economic times, tourism is one of the most and largest industries for any country in the world, this is often viewed as one of the biggest economic tools of any country. It provides foreign exchange earnings for different countries. in this way, business tourism also brings a lot of economic benefits with regard to employment creation and income generation to a particular region on various rounds of the multiplier effect and re-spending. One such areas is the agricultural industry of Australia especially among the backpackers(aph, 2017). The backpackers are the most important contributors to the Australian agriculture workforce by use of the travelling to Australia on working holiday maker visa. In this manner, the employees are the most important group in the timely harvesting of the countrys consumable products especially in the rural areas. With the issuing of the working holiday maker visa the country has seen a rise of more than 175,000 visas being issue by 2015(Hillman, 2009). In the most important issue about this is that agriculture is emphasized in the country due to the shortage of agricultural workforce in the country while there is an increasing demand for labor markets in an inadequate increase with regard to the number people visiting the country. In past, backpackers in Australia were often viewed as social deviants, however with their impact on the agricultural sector they have been regarded as business travelers, this is why they attract this study especially with regard to their motivations for travelling, their experience in Australia, taxation laws for business tourist and behavior of the locals towards them. According to an investigation conducted in Australian agriculture industry, backpackers have reported increasing tension between then and the locals. Vajta, et al., (2015) reflected on some violent incidents where backpackers have been chased away, their properties destroyed or even sent back to their home country. This is not in Australia along, in a Canada for example, a backpacker was killed in the accident by a local security offer. The researcher thus claimed that backpacker work with a lot of tension between them and the security officials in the community which makes it difficult for them to continue working in peace(Hoogenraad, et al., 2004). With the recent tax reforms in Australia, this is bound to be more difficult for the backpacker travelling to the country to work in the agriculture industry, in this manner tax reforms will not be expect to raise revenue. There is currently a lot of concern regarding tax increase in Australia as a way of meeting the demands of the countrys public service. However this comes with another challenge as it is going to have a negative impact in the countrys agricultural industry(Allon, et al., 2008). this is because the primary source of labor in the agricultural farms will be reduced causing a recurrent decrease in the amount of tax that is being paid by the industry. This paper will thus identify the current proposed changes to the backpacker tax. It the same line the paper is also going to provide a critical review and primary research on the potential impact that the backpacker tax will on the agricultural industry of Australia. At the end the paper will recommend on the governments department and other industry stakeholders(Hoogenraad, et al., 2004). Methodology This paper made use of both the primary and secondary data. The secondary data was derived from collecting information from internet search where electronic journals and media reports were the source of the main information. Secondary data was also seeked from the government websites with a major focus on immigration and immigration laws of Australia. The paper also looked at various press releases regarding backpackers and taxation. There were other papers and doctoral papers that addressed the importance of backpacker workforce in the Australian agricultural sector which was also searched. This also looked at the economic impact of the backpackers with regard to the tourism industry apart from agriculture. Other scholarly articles as provided by google were also very useful in the secondary data search. The Australian taxation office website which identified to the research policies regarding the current tax situation of backpackers. Also primary research was used in the research w as conducted by use of online interviews with backpackers living and working in Australia. The interviews were based on the issue of business tourism and taxation laws and how this will eventually affect doing business in Australia. Backpackers provide strong labor force for season, remote farm labor Amid the backpacker groups that always transverse Australia every year seeking the sun or to surf in the Australian beaches, many of this tourist do this under the name of working holiday makers. The increasing number of backpackers to Australia shows that the resilience and strength of the market. In addition, despite the short term fluctuation of the picture that is emerging from the said trends this basically looks at the diversification and expansion of the backpacker industry in relation to the independent travel sector. accord to information from the tourism research Australias niche market report the market of backpacker exhibits one of the most considerable resilience with regard to adversity(Hampton, 2008). In this manner, adversity is very appropriate in terms of characterization of the current condition that is facing the Australian business tourism as the decline began being observed in 2008 for the first time after seven years. It is also important to note that backpackers should be recognize as being flexible and resilient type of travelers. They also usually looked at as being indifferent to risk which is a characteristic that has continued to increase to their value since the global economic fall low international travel during the SARS outbreak of 2003 in Asia. Other challenge include the terrorist acts in the united states, London, Egypt, Bali and London. All the qualities that include youthful enthusiasm, resilience and flexibility have also cited some of the employers being some of the key attributes of the working environment of backpackers(Hoogenraad, et al., 2004). One of the main relevance of backpackers is that they have been able to provide a flexible work force in Australia with regard to labor shortages and skills to do the work, this is also appreciated by many employers in the country. Resilience, flexibility and a strong ethic with regard to the way they work has also repeatedly been mentioned by employers in most of the research work done. According to the studies, backpacker are loved by the employing institutions as they provide one of the best workforce that Australians are not inclined to(Hampton, 2005). For example they can be found working in a place like Anzac day picking up a glass in a pub, where if your try to find a local guy who will do that will be very impossible. This gives the hospitality industry of Australia a great pull of labor which is not usually available. At time these backpacker are not even interested in holidays like Christmas and they will work through that since back in their country it may not be such a bi g deal, meaning they will keep on thinking work through(Hillman, 2009). This mean that backpacker are a flexible pool of labor which does not mind to work on public holidays and are attracted to even the fairly menial jobs with regard to even cleaning bathroom floor and picking up glass and other dirty jobs. At time backpackers have been referred to as the working holiday makers who have the essential skills, labor and services that are important for the service industry, health, agriculture and more(Hoogenraad, et al., 2004). These are independent labor pool that are increasingly derived from business tourists. According to australian tourism office, ( aph,2017), the Australian working holiday makers program was first established in 1975. By use of the WHIP visas, young people were allowed to work and travel in the country for a total period of 12 months. In the present state, Australia as reciprocal agreements in corporation with 21 countries. in this manner, the main objective of the scheme is meant to encourage travelling of young international professional by allowing people between ages 18-30 to incorporate their holiday making with work in Australia. The common wealth program for example has estimated that the scheme has successfully contributed to over $1.3 billion in the Australian economy(aph, 2017). As noted above, backpackers work in a range of industries one of them being agriculture, which has increasingly become reliant on the backpackers. This issue was observed since 2005,where backpackers have been working as seasonal workers in the country. The minimum period is 3 months which has been able to apply onshore for an extra 12 month visa. They also apply for the onshore with it comes to a skilled independent regional visa to stay in the country. Research conducted in Sydney Australia indicated that backpackers provide a very valuable workforce in the country especially in remote areas where there are shortages(Hampton, 2008). The backpackers program is also meant to provide a very important labor force that will suit the demand and expectations of farmers. Backpacker are reputable for being captive, immobile as they are not able to change employer as they are bound by the backpacker visa and contract. Backpackers are also very organized and reliable workforce which makes sur e that growers will be guaranteed of their crops being harvested on time. Vajta, et al., (2015) also argues that backpackers are 60-70% more active than the local employees even those who return for multiple agricultural seasons. There has however been some case where backpackers have been summoned on illegal labor activities which has also seen the reduction of worker in the Australian agriculture labor force. This is also inclusive of worker abuse as will be discussed later in this paper. The WHIM in Australia has also in competition with the illegal foreign labor supply. According to a recent world bank discussion paper of 2015, it revealed that in 2013-14 there were a total of 17,185 non-citizens located jobs in Australia(Hanson Bell, 2007). In addition, Hillman, (2009) also acknowledged that there was no reliable estimation on the number of undocumented workers in the agricultural sector. in this manner thus, the number is likely to be very high. It also indicate that by encouraging employers in Australia to shift their labor hire practices like the illegality found in hiring labor contractors will call for a strict force approach. This is because the backpacker are very important in filling the labor gaps experienced in the agricultural labor force of Australia as they able to boost the countrys productivity(Hampton, 2008). In Australia, before establishing regulations on the labor sector were strict, it made it easy for more work opportunities for those who are legitimately allowed to work in various sectors. Proposed changes to the backpacker taxation scheme On December 2016, during the last parliamentary sitting day of the year, the Australian parliament surprisingly passed the bill that established a 15% income tax rate to the temporary foreign workers that are popularly known as Working Holiday Makers or the backpackers, the bills was commonly known as the backpacker tax. In this manner, the tax rate is meant to be applied to people who engage in short term employment in the country under specific visas was a very controversial issue in the whole of 2016(loc, 2017). In this manner most farmers were also concerned on the possible negative impact that the higher tax rate will impact on the number of seasonal workers in the country especially in the unforetold harvests. According to the budget that was released in May 2015, there was a proposal by the Australian parliament on the change to the tax status of the temporary working holiday makers in comparison to that of the resident and nonresident which was meant to apply from July 2016. With reference to the residential tax approach thus, the earning of foreign workers on the destined visas would be exempt from the income tax to up to AUD 18,000(loc, 2017). Also those workers who earn between AUD18,201 and AUD 37,000 are also going to be taxed at a rate of 19% in addition to the higher marginal rates that also apply to the subsequent higher amounts charged. In addition, the appeals by the tribunal rulings that was tabled in the month of march 2015 also showed that some of the WHMs may not be able to qualify as resident in the country meaning that the backpackers will not automatically claim what is referred to as a tax free threshold. This is because they are not residents of the country.(loc, 2017) Also according to the discussion, a non-resident tax approach is going to see the WHM also being taxed at a rate of 32.5% as long as they are earning up to AUD $80,000. There are however a number of concerns on the new tax reform which dictates that the new policy would substantially increase the incentives in regard to tax evasion, also the number of working holiday makers in the country will eventually fall down as soon as the visa holders continue to perceive a less economic benefit in undertaking work that is most reluctant to Australians like fruit picking, casual hospitality and cleaning(loc, 2017). In this manner thus, the new income tax policy is going to highly affect the Australian agriculture sector which will find it hard to fill job vacancies that does not look at the casual visiting workforce in the country. In addition, the tourism industry is also concerned since most of the backpackers are also tourists, they may thus decide to go to other regional areas moving the revenues since most of them are high spenders. They will also be less likely to visit the country and will go to a country like new Zealand, south Africa or Canada. At the same time the industry is very much dependent on the working holiday makers workforce(Vajta, et al., 2015). As a result of all of the above discussions, there is a lot of controversy on the decision by the government to reform the tax arrangement for the working holiday makers. This has come from all corners that include the ministry for agriculture and water resources, and the working holiday makers visa program which finds it to be a sensible approach to the agricultural industry in the country. In this manner the government of Australia stated in May that the commencement of the date for the policy in the previous budget was going to apply from early January this year(Hampton, 2005). The review in itself, commenced after the general elections with a package that measured the impact of tax increase in the agriculture and tourism sector including the whole Australian labor force and revenue collection. Impact which the backpacker taxation is predicted to have upon the agricultural industry Just at the eleventh hours and after the protracted debate that began in 2015, the wrangles on the backpacker taxes became a major issue on Australia. Despite the proposal by the federal government of a 32.5% tax rate for backpackers, there was a compromise of 19% following a post-election which also came with the refusal to negotiate below this. In this manner the federal government had reached a deal as the primary labor force. This was the first development to backpackers problems with the Australian tax office. However with the recent growing debate on the issue, it is more worrying that the tax is going to cause a labor shortfall and the strife and growth of the countrys $10 billion industry especially in the horticulture sector. on the other side it is argued by some remote area MPs that the proposed tax may not really generate the full $540 million forecast by the treasury on the coming three years(Underhill Rimmer, 2016). What is real is that the changes are going to see for eigners that are on a working holiday visa being taxed 32.5 cents from the first dollar they earned and a scrapping of the $18,200 tax free threshold that was there(Hillman, 2009). What the country has forgotten is that since the introduction of an incentive for backpackers to be allowed to work in particular areas in Australia for 88 days so as to secure a second year visa extension in 2005, between 30,000 and 40,000 of backpackers were able to apply for the additional year on their visa by use of a stint in agriculture to meet this criteria. In this manner, it meant that backpackers as it stands are already the dominant source of labor supply at the harvest time for growers. In addition, this also possess other serious risks for the growers, most of them have no choice but to continue relying on the backpacker labor with regard to their business model(Hillman, 2009). It is important to note that most of these group do not come to the country on a work visa, as their visas are usually meant for cultural exchange. However, the country has been increasingly becoming reliant on the backpacker in the performance of low skilled jobs in the countrys economy and espe cially in the harvest related jobs. However as the backpacker tax saga is now emerging, these group of the countrys labor force in not very stable. According to Hanson Bell, (2007) most backpackers are made of young people who will often change their planned trip to the country on the basis of a number of variables. The changes in the arranges of taxes, the unstable Australian dollar and the reputation of the country is a desirable destination for most tourists who are all factors outside the control of growers. In addition, they will also impact on the decision of the travelling of backpackers to the country and work in the agricultural industry. One of the other main issue with the use of backpackers us the countrys labor supply for the horticulture sector another agricultural sectors, this will bring about the vulnerability of the group in the labor markets. According to one landmark report by the fair work ombudsman in the country, on the visas of backpackers it was found that 88 days of extension was provided for the creation of license for the unscrupulous growers in who push backpacker in to exploitative working conditions. The ombudsman inquiry also found that there were various situations of underpayment of wages and poor working conditions which were not compliant with regard to the award that is provided for workers in the agricultural industry(Hillman, 2009). in the situations of the exploitation continue to prove to be endemic, arising from the use or backpacker labor in the agricultural industry, then it might be likely that there is bound to be an increase in the calls for the second year extension of backpacker s to be abolished in the market. In addition, as the county continues to exploit backpackers through taxes this will not be an issue by itself with regard to the works. It will be an issues that is going to undermine the viability of the entire agriculture sector. as (loc, 2017) reveals, the main problem that farmers will be facing will be that the agricultural sector has never been a level playing field for Australian farmers, as the non-compliant ones have also been able to use worker exploitation to selling their products at a lower cost. What is thus needed is the comprehensive solution to address the needs of growers in regard to changing tax rules for backpackers. And even though the governments compromise will seek to neutralize this as among the politics of the country, it does not fully address the underlying issue that uses an unstable labor source for the industry which is of very much importance to the food security and economy of the country. In addition, even if the need for labor in the country is push for mechanism to retain backpackers in the county, they will need to maximize on the government discomfort as it may not also have a coherent and sustainable program on how farmers are able to meet their needs for labor during the time for harvest(Hillman, 2009). The labor taxation policy in Australia needs to be coherent with regard to how farmers can be able to meet their labor needs during the time of harvest. In this manner the labor taxation policy should be one that will keep the backpackers entering the Australian labor force. This is because it is evident that the new taxes will eventually lead to more inadequacy of backpackers as being among the primary labor solutions for farmers. The country thus needs a more sustainable and targeted way that they will be able to meet the need of farmers in the country in terms of labor, this also need to be through a dedicated pathway for the agricultural worker and not a back door war of sourcing labor like the Working Holiday Maker Visa which is often riddled with problems(Hanson Bell, 2007). There thus needs to be a dedicated pathway that employees will allow farmers to plan for the harvest time and will also allow the regulators like the fair work ombudsman to more accurately monitor taxes in regard to wages that are offered to backpacker workers.. Impact of Backpacker tax on the tourism industry The backpacker tourist are known to spend more money as they travel a lot in the country and stay for longer periods in their expeditions than other forms of travelers despite being basically tourist that work on budgets that are tight. Backpackers thus prefer spending a little on accommodation cost and spend most of their money on other important activities. They will usually settle for the value for money. They want to have services that are good and are worth paying for. In this manner, the same is experienced in Australia where each year back packers will go ahead with expanding their exploration of the country and as a result the amount of diversity that this group literature and research has grown over time(Allon, et al., 2008). For Australia, just like many other countries, back packing tourism has been linked with other travel form from as far back as the 17th and 18th centuries. The backpacker tourism in modern days is mostly associated with the youth ranging from ages 18yeasr to 35 year. The main motivation for the back packer tourism is to meet with other travelers. At this the tourist that is involved will at most of the time take the opportunity as a chance to learn new tips for travelling and concept. They are usually attracted to the adventure of touring and other forms of activities which need that to actively participate. However with the increased restrictions of the backpacker tourism with regard to the changes in the taxes, the country is bound to lose a lot in the following was(Allon, et al., 2008). First of all, as much as they are travelers in the country, backpacker are known to be a source of knowledge and expertise with regard to destinations that they travel. In this manner when they stop to particular destinations in the country, they will share they experience and knowledge on how the country runs their activities and ways of doing this. In the same way, the countrys destinations are marketed by backpackers. This is because most of them will expose this knowledge to the people in their destination and social media circles and help them learn new concepts and ideas on how things are supposed to be done(aph, 2017). In addition, these travelers are vital in cultural exchange for the country, they will travel with facilities and equipment that may have not reached the places that they desire to visit. During their visits also, they will be able to teach their locals on the manner and uses in which such facilities and equipments are operated. However all this may not be reali zed as their travel is going to be limited with an increase in taxes. Backpacker tourists are also good ambassadors when it comes to creating global awareness. The country is also going to lose a lot in this. Backpackers usually spread awareness on the state of the country they visit. They will come from all corners of the earth and may not have the firsthand experience on the issue that is affecting other parts of the world. however as they travel they share experiences and are able to inspire people in the society. Other factors such a poor health conditions, poverty, lack of education, inadequate clean drinking water and environmental degradation of the country can be solved through backpacking tourism(Vajta, et al., 2015). However this is deemed to reduce as the tourist may not be able to sustain the travelling of more destinations where problems like the one listed above are spotted, they country will also not be able to come out of conditions in the remote areas that by have been blinded by the city life. If the information that they group provid e is taken in to account, and mechanisms for this type of implementation is also considered, then such problems will also be alienated partly if not fully. They will also be able to provide activism which channels towards change. The amount of awareness that the backpackers can provide will also have a long lasting impact if it is taken in a much more serious manner. The countrys financial generation from tourism is also going to reduce drastically. Backpackers are a great source of financial generation for the countrys tourism industry especially when it comes to supporting local businesses. this is because most backpackers prefer cheap hotels, eating food from ordinary joints as opposed to the other ordinary tourists who spend most of their time in big five star hotels. in this manner, the benefits that local businesses have been getting from backpackers will also drastically reduce for the people in the grassroots and other remote areas in Australia(Hampton, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, backpacker are a very important part of the countrys economy in various ways. First of all, when looking at the agriculture sector in the country, the group has been able to generate a lot of revenue to the countrys economy. As at the moment, backpacker are among the highest tax payers in the country which is most advantageous to the countrys budget. in addition, due to the fact that most of these groups provide cheap labor for the local farmers, most of them have been able to sustain the harsh economic time and made good profits from them. The tourism sector will also agree no further since the back packer makes one of the highest number for people visiting the tourism and other destinations in the country. In this manner, it is important for the government to consider all the advantages and disadvantages of raising taxes for these group. As per the above discussion, the government and the country at large is bound to lose a lot should it decided to impose more taxes on the backpackers. In fact most of them will chose on other destination, affecting both the tourism and agriculture sector of the country. This is because backpackers have now become part of the countrys economy and they should be treated with the kind of respect and legal support they deserve. References Allon, F., Anderson, K. Bushell, P., 2008. Mutant Mobilities: Backpacker Tourism in 'Global' Sydney. Mobilities, 3(1), pp. 73-94. aph, 2017. Changed rules for working holiday makers. [Online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201516/Holiday [Accessed 26 may 2017]. Hampton, M., 2005. Heritage, local communities and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), pp. 735-759. Hampton, M., 2008. Backpacker tourism and economic development,. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), pp. 639-660. Hanson, J. Bell, M., 2007. Harvest trails in Australia: Patterns of seasonal migration in the fruit and vegetable industry. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(1), pp. 101-117. Hillman, W., 2009. 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